Challenges & prospects of garment industry in bangladesh Essay

Current problem and prospect of Garments industry in Bangladesh â€Å"A study on R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD†. Objective of the study:Broad objective:q The broad objective of this report is to identify the current problems and prospects of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDSpecific objectives:q To identify the current problems of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. To find out the current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world. To identify the growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Methodology of the study:Ââ€" Research type:Basically it is a descriptive research by nature.Ââ€" Sources of data:Both primary & secondary data are used for this study, these are:Primary data: it includes the following sources of data.v By a questionnaire through merchandiser and floor in-charge.v Face to face conversation with the top officials.   Secondary data: I need much information for the report, which we get from secondary data.These are:v Annual report of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Different types of document of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.v Various published document from BGMEA.v World wide web. Data collection procedure:Ø Questionnaire: Well structured questionnaire is used for primary data collection.Ø Population: Total population 24 including merchandiser & floor in- charge. 7. Ø Sampling frame: Name list of 24 merchandiser & floor in-charge.Ø Sampling method: Non-probability convenience sampling methods are used.Ø Sample size: 10 sample size. 8. Limitation: While preparing this report, though I have been helped by management of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD and other ways, there were some uncontrollable limitations, which are:Ø Unavailability of relevant research works, article, publications relevant to R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ø Limited time of internship program. 9. Analysis and Findings:1. What type of products are produce in your industry? knit 40% woven 60%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 60% woven & 40% knit garments produce R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 10. 2. Which are the exporting market of our country? USA 30% others 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 30% USA &Others is 70% market where my company does their business. 11. 3. Unskilled garments worker is problem for the R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? strongly agree 30% agree 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, strongly agree 30% and agree 70%.Unskilled garments worker  is the main problem for this industry. Do you think document delay & improper documentare the concluding major problems? no 30% yes 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, yes 70% & no 30%. 13. 5. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughemergency stairs? agree 20% strongly disagree 50% disagree 30%Findings: From this table it is seen that, agree 20%, disagree 30% & strongly disagree 50%. 14. 6. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughsecurity force & tools for fire controlling? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 15. 7. Does R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD provides facilities fortheir worker? agree 40% disagree 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 40% and disagree 60%. 16. 8. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a highquality machine? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 17. 9. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD pay workerwages timely? yes 30% no 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 30% and no 70%. 18. 10. Do you face any problems in collecting rawmaterial? yes no 50% 50%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 50% and no 50%. 19. 11. What are the basic problems on the way of developmentof R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD? dependency on foreign market 10% poor garment policy 30% unskilled labor 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, unskilled labor 60%, poor garments policy 30% and dependency on foreign market 10%. 20. 12. How can we remove from above problems of R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? increase investment try to increase the in this sector area of export 30% 10% establish new infrastructure and conducting training & development program 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, try to increase the area of export 10%, establish new infrastructure and conducting training and development program 60% and increase investment in this sector 30%. 21. Current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world.Bangladesh ranks 4th largest clothing exporter in the world:Source: Xinhua [08:47 July 23, 2010]Bangladesh has been ranked as the fourth largest exporter of clothing with a 3 percent share of the global market by the world body World Trade Organization (WTO), Vice-president of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Faruque Hassan said on Wednesday.Hassan made the remarks while speaking to the members of Overseas Correspondents of Bangladesh (OCAB at the office of BGMEA. in xporter of cotton T-shirts and second largest exporter of cotton pullover and jeans for the European Union and the second largest exporter of cotton trousers to the United States by volume. The BGMEA vice-president said although the low cost production of clothing is still an important competitive edge for Bangladesh, the increasing competition in the global apparel market has caused manufacturers to produce quality products, increase the commitment with buyers and social responsibility in factories, which have made Bangladesh a reliable option in the global supply of clothing.At present, there are about 5,000 garment factories in Bangladesh and over two million workers are employed in the sector, 90 percent of them are women. 23. Growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD Financial year UE U.S.A Total Knit Woven RMG Knit Woven RMG production FY 2009 140000 pcs 220000pcs 360000pcs 170000pcs 250000pcs 420000pcs 780000pcs FY 2010 165000pcs 230000pcs 395000pcs 176000pcs 258000pcs 434000pcs 829000pcs FY 2011 167000pcs 232000pcs 399000pcs 170000pcs 255000pcs 425000pcs 824000pcs 840000 829000 824000 820000 800000 780000 780000 760000 740000 2009 2010 2011 Graph: Growth & trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 24. Major findings:Ââ€" Most of the time R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD produce woven products.Ââ€" Main market of our garments product is EU and Bangladesh also exports in USA and other country.Ââ€" Unskilled garments worker are problem for development of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDÂâ€" Documentation problem is also a big problem.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough emergency stairs.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no high quality machines.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD do not pay worker wages timely. 25. Recommendation:Ââ€" Improving other garment product not dependent only for woven product of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ââ€" Extended foreign market.Ââ€" Trained up workers by various diploma course.Ââ€" Fire consciousness is required for all workers.Ââ€" Increase emergency stairs.Ââ€" Ensure enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" Ensure high quality machine, so that they can produce high quality product.Ââ€" And the most important is timely pay wages.

Culture of Jamaica

The first settlers of Jamaica called the land â€Å"Xaymaca† which means â€Å"Land of springs† (Pillai, 2013). It is said that this is where the name of the country came from. Jamaica is known for many things like its beaches, wildlife, and reggae music. Jamaica has a mix of people from different races, religions, and countries so its culture is varied. Christopher Columbus discovered Jamaica in 1494, but people have in habited the island for thousands of years before.The Arawaks and Tainos are said to be the first ribes to settle on the island, between 4000 B. C. AND 1000 B. C. (Pillai, 2013). From 1494 to 1655, Jamaica was a Spanish colony. It was a British colony from 1655 to 1962. Jamaica was granted a new constitution in 1944 and gained universal suffrage. The country gained independence August 6, 1962 (Purcell, 2013). The population of Jamaica is 2,909,714 (FindTheData, 2013). 16. 5% of the population lives below the poverty line. Africans make up most of the Jam aican population. After Africans, many of the Jamaicans are multiracial and from Indian or Chinese decent (Pillai, 2013).English is the official language of Jamaica (Purcell, 2013). Jamaican Patois is the de facto national language of Jamaica, which is a Creole language (Pillai, 2013). It is the most commonly spoken language in the country. Many religions are practiced in Jamaica. Tainos, the first settlers, worshipped forces of nature like plants and animals. They believed in the God Yucahu and Goddess Atabey. They also worshipped good and evil spirits to prevent natural disasters (Pillai, 2013). Christianity made its way to the island with the colonizers. About 80% of Jamaicans are Christians.Rastafari developed in the 1920s in Jamaica. It is a â€Å"blend of Old Testament Christian faith, mystic beliefs, and African fundamentalist ideology. † The Rastas keep their hair long in dreadlocks, reject western society, and use marijuana spiritually (Pillai, 2013). Jamaicans have certain traditions and beliefs. A common birth rite is to bury the umbilical cord of a newborn baby, and usually a tree is planted over it, signifying that they are always connected to their birth place. Funerals are an important ritual to the Jamaicans. A big funeral is a sign ofa good life (Purcell, 2013).Nine Night is a Jamaican ceremony or funeral where friends and family sing, dance, and drink for eight nights then sing farewell songs on the ninth night. They rearrange the room of the deceased so their spirit will not recognize it and return. A last meal is set out under the silk-cotton tree, a hiding place for the spirits, for the diseased spirit (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican weddings are big, lavish, and family-oriented. Both families of the bride and groom meet before the wedding and friends start sending gifts like eggs for the cake (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican foods are usually hot and spicy.Their strong spices and herbs make heir dishes popular around the world. The national dish is the Ackee and Saltflsh. Spicy Jerk pork and Jerk chicken are very popular Jamaican cuisines. The national drink is Jamaican rum (Pillai, 2013). Rice is a ceremonial food. Curried goat meat is the main meal at parties, weddings, and tunerals (Purcell, 2 Jamaican attire is a combination of European and African style. Jamaican women wear brightly colored outfits of a skirt, top, and headscarf. Men wear brightly colored western-style clothes with short sleeves. Due to the humid weather, Jamaicans don't wear heavy clothing; they prefer cotton clothing.Rastafarians wear clothes made of natural fibers. These clothes are always in their sacred colors of red, yellow, and green. â€Å"According to the Rastafarians, Red signifies the blood of the black people, Yellow stands for the gold that was stolen from Africa, and Green symbolizes the lost African lands† (Pillai, 2013). The also wear a tam or hat to go over their dreadlocks. The official currency of Jamaica is the Jamaican dolla r (FindTheData, 2013). Manufacturing and services are the main sources of economy. Service includes tourism, which is a great contributor to the economy.Jamaica's main trade allies are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean Economic Community. Major imports are consumer goods, construction hardware, electrical and telecommunication equipment, food, fuel, machinery, and transportation equipment. Jamaica's major exports are bauxite and alumina, apparel, sugar, bananas, coffee, citrus and citrus products, rum, cocoa, and labor (Purcell, 2013). Jamaica's gross domestic product (GDP) is $25,620,000,000. Their GDP per capita is $8,900, which is also the world average. Jamaica has a high inflation rate of 6. 9%.They also have a high unemployment rate of 14% (FindTheData, 2013). The country is in a bad economic situation. Jamaica has a bicameral parliamentary legislative system. They are a member of the British Commonwealth. The British monarch, the governor genera l, the prime minister and deputy prime minister, and the cabinet make up the executive branch. The Senate and the sixty members elected to the House of Representatives make up the legislative branch. The Judicial branch is the Supreme Court and lower courts. The main political parties are the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labor Party Purcell, 2013).Sociologists would need to know about Jamaican custom to know what not to say or do around Jamaicans to not offend them. They would need to know some of Jamaican history which would let them know that there was much slavery and oppression during the colonial period. Jamaicans might get offended if this subject is brought up in the wrong manner. It would be wise for sociologists to know that the Jamaican Patois language is a symbol of defiance from European cultural authority (Purcell, 2013). Their Jamaican identity is very important to them. Their identity ncludes many things like their religion traditions and customs.

The relevance of Chapter VIII(watchkeeping)of the code Standard of Essay

The relevance of Chapter VIII(watchkeeping)of the code Standard of Training Certification and watchkeeping STCW - Essay Example Spokespersons of the industry were unanimous in addressing the core issue of the matter, which was to ensure that an effective watch is maintained on all the seagoing ships by qualified and fit personnel under all circumstances. With a single pointed focus, the pressing need of an internationally acceptable body, which could lay the road map for outlining the guidelines for protecting its valuable assets was consensually agreed upon.The International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (Abbr: STCW) thus came into being on July 7, 1978 and its Standards were adopted for implementation on April 28, 1984 under the auspices of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) – an established nodal agency for monitoring compliance and implementation by `Parties to the Convention‘; two major revisions of the Standards have since been undertaken in 1995 and 2010 respectively . It became binding on all its members to comply to its stipul ations, in which Part `A‘ measures are `Mandatory.‘ `Recommendations‘ for guidance purposes constitute its Part `B‘ regulations, however with sustained implementation efforts by its members being urged upon. STCW Standards comprise of eight chapters. Chapter I deals with General Provisions; Chapters II & III are `Marine Vessel‘- specific, while Chapters IV, V & VI deal with the Radio Communications, Specialised Manpower Training and Certification aspects. This article is aimed at examining the relevance of the last and concluding Chapter VIII , dealing exclusively with ``Watchkeeping‘‘! Watchkeeping Roles and STCW Regulations ILO (International Labour Organisation) Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) Rules are the premise on which a large number of STCW Regulations have been drawn up. Drafted in tune with the MLC 2006 Rules in general, Standards pertaining to Watchkeeping are driven by the age old adage: ``Prudence is the better part of valourà ¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœ.The Maritime industry can ill afford the luxury of lack of vigilance on the part of its seafarers to be the reason for suffering losses; hence, a prudent Watchkeeping role is deemed pertinent by STCW. There had been several inconsistencies fuelled earlier by a diverse range of interpretations driven by outdated provisions on the Watchkeeping front preceding the advent of STCW, which caused administrative and operational problems. These issues needed immediate redressal. Enunciation of a slew of curative measures then became imminent. Seafarer is a sensitive biological animal too. Cut off from civilisation while on the high seas and working to the rigorous demands of the marine industry in multiple capacities, he is exposed to its occupational hazards, stresses and strains, and thereby to the dangers posed by `fatigue‘, both physically and mentally. There is therefore a lot of emphasis laid on `Rest‘ and to address this issue, STCW brought out the first lot of Amendments under Section A-VIII. It has specified a `Period of Rest’under its mandatory Regulation A-VIII/1, which stipulates

Abstract of Chapter 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract of Chapter 8 - Essay Example Using the case of Health Net for the above elaborations, managers of most organizations in the present world realize that a long-run success needs a focus on the cost, service, and quality. The above three components comprise the competitive edge of the entity. Therefore, Health Net uses such management control system in achieving such focus. Health Net as one of the prevalent managed health-care organization in the United States. It has about 7,500 employees and a revenue of about $12 billion in the year 2011, have an excellent management control system that has placed it above its competitors. The organization offers coverage up to 5.6 million health plan members (Gitman, Zutter, In Mukherjee, In Battista, Gitman & Zutter, 2013). To compete effectively in the market, Health Net commenced a critical information systems development programs known as â€Å"fourth generation medical management.† The control regulator is for the creation of a greater opportunity for growing the overall quality as the costs decreased by managing the patient care in the electronic link. The system provides physicians and other health care providers an instant user-friendly electronic access to comprehensive information about the medical history of various patients as well as the best clinic treatment recommended. Therefore, a faster and a pre approved a referral to the best clinical resource whether specialist or an emergency room. The above measure ultimately satisfies the customers, and as a bonus, helps in the reduction of costs (Gitman, Zutter, In Mukherjee, In Battista, Gitman & Zutter, 2013). A balanced scorecard applies where there is a need to strike a balance between the financial and the nonfinancial measures during the performance measurement process. It therefore, links performance to rewards and, therefore, gives the explicit recognition of the relationship between the organizational

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 77

Reflection - Essay Example Franklin Roosevelt highlighted that the American nation was willing to use its energy, organizing power and resources to defend freedom of other nations. He was keen to highlight that America’s efforts would ensure that the world experiences the four critical types of human freedoms. Roosevelt highlighted that the first essential human freedom was the freedom of speech and expression while the second was the â€Å"freedom of every person to worship God in his way everywhere in the world†1. He further highlighted the third freedom as the freedom from want based on economic understandings that foster a measure of economic security in every nation. According to Roosevelt, the world also needed to enjoy the freedom from fear without any potential threat of physical aggression. Therefore, the freedom from fear was defined as the fourth freedom. Philip Randolph was a civil leader who delivered a speech titled, â€Å"why should we March?†. His speech urged Negros to participate in the march of African American on Washington. Randolph highlights that African Americans had been denied an opportunity to work in the US defense industries. Moreover, other industries did not give African Americans job opportunities. Therefore, many African Americans were subjected to discrimination under the Jim Crow rules. A close analysis of the racial discrimination that Randolph was fighting against reveals a high level of irony when compared to Roosevelt’s, which highlighted the four freedoms. Notably, the American nation promoted the four freedoms but only to the whites. It is ironical that African Americans lived in fear and poverty. Additionally, the African Americans were denied the freedom of speech and expression. Notably, the African American population did not have the chance to enjoy the four freedoms that Roosevelt had talked about. According to Randolph, â€Å"the community is democratic only when the humbles and weakest person can enjoy the higher

Moral views in the development of English law Essay

Moral views in the development of English law - Essay Example 123), which calls upon a legal community's moral judgment in determining what is aptly, the common good. Moreover, within the context of English Law, this relationship is further emphasised in the role that judges play in the development of precedents embodied within case law. Thus, it is within this context that this essay aims to analyse the significance that moral views have played, if they did, in the development of English Law. As this essay will argue, moral views have played a significant role in the development of English laws, due to the consideration that the legal community has given to the collective standards of morality accepted by the English society in creating legislations, statutes, and EC (European Council) Directives; and the discretion of judges in developing precedents in common law. To prove this point, the essay will begin by presenting the sources of English Law. It will then illustrate the manner that legislations, statutes, and EC Directives are reflective of societal perceptions of morality; and the extent of judges' discretion in case law. Lastly, the essay will illustrate the role morals have played in the development of English law, as well as the effect it has had the law's legal development, before ending with concluding statements. Under English Law, legal development proceeds through a number of instruments such as precedent through courts, legislation through the UK parliament, and as a result of European legislation through directives and decisions of the European Union court adopted by the government. What is apparent among these sources is the degree of discretionary power given both to the individual judges under common law in terms of interpretation, such that disputes can be resolved in a manner that can be either just or unjust; and to the legal community in terms of legislation, which is affected by the individual judgment of each member, as well - both of which will be discussed in following sections. What is imperative as this point, however, is the need to distinguish between morality and moral views, such that while morality refers to some conventional conception of right or wrong; moral views, which is the topic of this essay, refers to the individual standards adhered to by individual judges an d members of the parliament, as well as legislators of Community law. Thus, in order to illustrate that moral views are significant in the development of laws, one must simply illustrate that discretion is evident in the legal development of English Law, regardless if this legal development is moral or not. In this respect, this essay argues that the significance of moral views are evident in the way that English Law can both either be just or unjust, depending on the consensus of legislators' moral views regarding the common good; and the moral judgment of case law judges in interpreting these rules. English Law and the Common Good The Parliament consists of the Crown, the elected House of Common and the Unelected House of Lords. As Sir E. Coke claims, it is "the highest and most honourable and absolute Court of Justice in England,' and its 'jurisdiction' is 'so transcendent' that it can make and repeal laws on any subject matter and its honour and justice cannot be doubted" (cited in Walters 2003). This is also echoed by Austin, claiming that "the sovereign, or supreme legislator, is the author of all law"

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer - Term Paper Example Thus, classification of tumors in diverse types and subtypes along with the identification of individuals who are at the potential risk of cancer is gaining prevalence. A combination of data procured from gene-expression and genomic information aids in the detection of possible new targets for designing high-throughput screening strategies for designing drugs that will lead to advances in cancer cell-targeted therapy. The present article deals with the importance of understanding for oncogenes to comprehend breast cancer. Introduction Cancer is known as malignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cells grow, divide and die, but in a genetic defect called mutation occur in cancer cells leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machine of the cells, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. When compared with the normal cells, where damage of any k ind is taken care by the repair system, tumor cells do not have any repair mechanism for the damaged DNA and there is a constant proliferation of cells without displaying senescence hence, generating a series of abnormal cells, with altered cellular pathways for uncontrolled proliferation, figuring malignant tumors (Alberts 2007; Katzang et al. 2009). (Normal cell cycle) (Genetic mutation- causes alteration in genes) (Alberts 2007) Cancer cells manifest, to varying degrees, four characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells, comprising- uncontrolled proliferation, de-differentiation and loss of function, invasiveness and metastasis (Rang et al. 2007). The Genesis of a Cancer Cell A normal cell turns into a cancer cell because of one or more mutations in its DNA, which can be inherited or acquired. In case of the breast cancer, woman who inherits a single defective copy of either of these tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 displays an augmented risk of developing breast cancer. However, carcinogenesis is a complex, multistage process, usually involving more than one genetic change. Other epigenetic factors responsible for carcinogenesis involve epigenetic factors, such as level of hormones in the body, exposure to carcinogens and tumor promoting agents. These epigenetic factors do not produce cancer by themselves but enhances the likelihood of genetic mutation(s) resulting in cancer. These genetic changes are categorized as - A. The activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes are the normal genes present in the cells and are responsible for controlling cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. A triggering factor such as a virus or exposure to any carcinogen brings malignant changes in the cell. B. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: A cell has the mechanism to protect itself from uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation due to expression of genes called tumor suppressor genes. These genes possess the ability to suppress malignant changes and are also referred as antioncogenes. Mutation in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in the proliferation of tumor. Thus, a loss of function of tumor supp

What exactly is Platos ideal of the philosophical or examined life Essay

What exactly is Platos ideal of the philosophical or examined life What does such a life entail Is it of any practical relevance for contemporary individuals - Essay Example Plato offers these musings via a number of dialogues and it has been said that some of his views were actually those of Socrates – his teacher which can be a safe assumption to make as many individuals are influenced by their mentors in their on works. Plato’s ideal of the physical life had one main theme in particular that recurred in may of his dialogues concerning the true nature of objects in existence and what an individual’s perception of this truth may be. He argues that what can be seen is not the exact reality and thus it can be stated that those who only use the sense of their surroundings to establish reality are off the mark and are only left with a vague idea of what the real truth is. Plato argues that something does not have to be tangible or visible for it to be real and those who believe so have in effect limited themselves from gaining the real truth (Plato 50). This concept is promoted in a number of his dialogues and is can be clearly seen in his allegory of the cave. In this analogy, Plato argues that the world that can not be seen is the realest of them all and likens those whose belief is governed by what they can see in their surroundings to people who are living in a cave. The people living in the cave are only able to see shadows that are caused by the real objects but since this is all that they have known their whole life, they perceive these shadows to be the true forms of the objects and thus are blinded from seeing the reality of the situation. Plato then goes on describe one who gains enlightenment as a person who leaves the cave and for the first time sees the objects that have been the cause of the shadows that others have perceived to be the real thing thus breaking the shackles of ignorance. This analogy promotes the essence of thinking outside the box instead of blindly accepting what is put before you as the gospel truth and reality of life (Plato

The science of Emotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The science of Emotions - Essay Example When it comes to scientific research emotions are divided into multiple dimensions such as behavioral, physiological, subjective and cognitive. According experts deeds, ideas, emotions and physiological states are the four components of human behavior. Idea and deed can be chosen independently but emotions and physiological states cannot be chosen independently. Limbic system is a part of the brain that controls the behavior of human beings that are essential in our lives, like smelling, laughter, hunger, anger, finding food, etc. Limbic system is located beneath the cerebral cortex and is constituted of network of structures. Some scientific research has provided proof that some of the evolutionary structures found in the limbic systems can be traced some ancient animals such as the alligator. It has been found that the limbic system in alligator plays an important role in smelling, defending territory, hunting and eating prey. A- Corpus callosum, B- Olfactory tract, C- Mammillary bodies, D- Fornix, E- Anterior thalamic nuclei, F- Amygdala, G- Hippocampus, H- Parahippocampal gyrus, I- Cingulate gyrus and J- Hypothalamic nuclei constitute the parts of the limbic system. Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain (Wikipedia). Modules of the cingulated gyrus are main reason behind human emotion of love that had evolved from paleocircuits of the mammalian brain. These help in expressing emotions like care, feeding and grooming of offspring. Cortical circuits help in speech, which were evolved millions of years after paleocircuits for bodily expressions was configured. Amygdala is of small almond shaped structure that is located deep inside the brain and hippocampus which is tiny, sea horse shaped structure are found to be the main areas that are involved with emotional actions and reactions. The medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus is connected to amygdala, which in turn is connected to hippocampus. These connections are very important for expressing emotional feelings and have an important role to play to in mediating and controlling the major activities like friendship, love, affection, caring and expressions on different moods. The median of hypothalamus plays an important role and has been a major contributor in producing a loud and uncontrollable laughter. 2. The present world is full of energy and moving ahead with an incredible pace. Due to the developments in every sector for example in communications, marketing, construction, etc., human standards of living have reached a new high. Due to emotional development and having a balanced control over our feelings we are able to fight against all the odds and are succeeding in most of the departments. Human expression plays an important role in dealing with business activities and public relations. A candidate attending an interview will be analyzed more

Second Grade Experience Essay Example for Free

Second Grade Experience Essay During my second year in elementary school, due to the fact that I was doing so horribly in my grades, my parents decided to send me back to El Salvador to bring up my grades. In El Salvador, I lived with my grandma, my cousins, my great aunts and uncles, and most of my family. The schools in El Salvador were so much more different than the schools in America. Since El Salvador is a poor country, the schools couldn’t afford to serve lunch and the houses were much smaller. In America, most kids did not really walk or play outside; they were usually kept locked up in their room, sipping on juice and watching tv. But the kids in El Salvador; they knew how to live their life with meaning. Every single day, as I made more and more friends, I would go to the soccer field and play games outside. We would play tag, soccer, baseball, soft ball; pretty much any kind of sport you could imagine. The soccer fields in El Salvador were the place where I, eventually, learned to play softball. Softball is like baseball but is usually referred to as, â€Å"baseball but for girls. † After learning how to play softball, I decided to join a small softball team that was formed in my second grade class of elementary school. Being on that team, allowed me to be at the fields even more and taught me to love the sport. The idea of fresh air, blue skies, grass stains, balls, and bats made me excited and energetic. Every time I hit the ball with my bat, I ran as fast as my legs could take me, striving to reach the home plate and score a point for my team. Running on the fields all day and hanging out with friends, giggling at our innocent, naive quirks and remarks gave my childhood, memories of freedom and promise. I now look at life like a baseball diamond; you just have to hit the ball and keep running until you finally reach home plate and win.

Low Cost Solar Water Desalination Environmental Sciences Essay

Low Cost Solar Water Desalination Environmental Sciences Essay Abstract- This research paper covers different types of low cost solar water desalination techniques. This paper also describes methods for solar water desalination process at large scale with less cost. Keywords- solar water desalination, sea-water desalination, brackish water desalination, low cost water desalination, water purification. Introduction Our world consists of 97.2% water but this water is not in useable form.[1] This water can be usable if it gets purify. Purification of sea water is very costly task. This paper describes methods to reduce cost of this purification process which are currently used by different countries. Solar water desalination Water desalination is the process in which we purify seawater or brackish water and make it useable. Solar water desalination is the process in which we purify seawater or brackish water through solar energy and make it useable for drinking. Fig. 1 Solar water desalination process[2] Ambient energy system Working In this system, energy required for condenser and evaporator is generated through solar panels. This technology is suitable for model villages. The basic idea in this technology is that fix the solar panels on the roof of each house. Connect these panels with heat pump that generates electricity. This heat pump is then connected to the evaporator and condenser. Sea water is then pumped in evaporator and condenser. After this process we get fresh water that can be stored in tank. Fig. 2 Ambient energy system for water desalination.[3] Cost This system is implemented in most of the countries. Its average cost is US$ 1.8/m3.[3] SOLAR STILL PLATE DISTILLATION Working This method can commonly be use at home as shown in fig.3. In this method, flat solar still is used. This system is not suitable for large amount of desalination. As you can see in fig.3 in which fresh water is getting store in a glass. In this process water is passed through the surface of flat solar still and by sunlight these plates get heated and then water get boil. This water is store from the lower side of solar still. One 120 cm long and 60 cm wide with a collector area of 0.7 Sq. m solar still plate can desalinate 2.5 3.5 litres of water in a day. 4 solar still can purify 10 12 litres of water in a day which is enough for single family. Cost This desalination process is very cheap and its cost is Rs.300 per litre production.[4] Fig.3 Flat plate solar distillation[4] Simple sea water desalination plant Working In this system, spherical shaped tank is used which is made up of solid glass. firstly connect spherical tank and reservoir tank through pipe. Connect the top of the reservoir tank with the cooling system so that vapours can again convert into liquid state. Cooling system is not necessary; it depends on the temperature of surrounding area. The working of this process is that fill the spherical tank with sea water. Filled spherical tank behaves like a big, solid and powerful convex lens. This convex lens will focus on a single point with its specific alignment to the sunlight. Water will get boil after some time because of continuous heating. Then water will change its state from liquid to vapour state. These vapours will move towards the reservoir tank and the cooling system at the top of reservoir tank will again change the state of water from vapour to liquid. This liquid is purified water and can be use for daily purposes. Fig.4 Simple sea water desalination[5] Cost The cost of this system depends on the size of sphere. The sphere with capacity of storing 5 litres water is costs Rs. 1500.[5] CONCLUSION These are the different techniques that can be used for low cost water desalination. As far as reduction in infrastructure cost, PVC pipes can be used instead of cement pipes. It is clear from the study that ambient energy can be used for water desalination in temperate climates. In hotter countries where there is more solar energy available, the potential for using the technology to produce low-cost desalination systems is even more significant. Solar still plate distillation process can be build at the roofs of the houses. Like windmill at the roof of house, this desalination process will work fine. Simple sea water desalination plant is also suitable for hot areas as it also requires sunlight to boil the water.

Edna Pontellier Essay -- essays papers

Edna Pontellier People shape the way they live their lives around the society they live in. It gives you walls that you can either shape your life with, or you can breakdown to make a mold of your own. The society Edna comes from pushes her to rebel against her life, try to live her own way inside the walls and then finally break free of the walls, wich leads to the termination of her character. Being born in a time that is not right for her, Edna tries to push the things that her society accepts. In her world it is normal for a husband to control the life of the life of his wife. It is not normal for a woman to leave her husband and keep a good name. Trapped by the standards set up for her, she knows that there is no easy way out. As much as she gives to her society she st...

Falling Behind by Robert Frank Essay -- Falling Behind, Robert Frank

Robert H. Frank’s book Falling Behind is a short, lucid, and compelling account of what is going on with the middle class†(Alexander Kemestrios Ben). That is what one reviewer on Amazon.com commented about Frank’s book Falling Behind: How Rising Inequality Harms the Middle Class. In order to engage readers and support their ideas, most argumentative nonfiction books use statistics, logical reasoning, personal anecdotes, and real-life examples. While all of these strategies such as should make an interesting and compelling argument, the question is not of how interesting the book is, but rather is it or is it not a quality argumentative nonfiction book? Before answering that question, we must first consider what makes a quality argumentative nonfiction book. A quality argumentative nonfiction book should engage readers with entertaining and unique ideas and also have well-explained and simplified ideas that are easy for the audience to understand. By these standard s, Falling Behind is partially a quality argumentative nonfiction book because, although it fully meets the criterion of having entertaining and unique ideas, it only partially meets the criterion of having well-explained and simplified ideas. In addition to being â€Å"the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and Professor of Economics at Cornell's Johnson Graduate School of Management,† Robert H. Frank is also â€Å"the co-director of the Paduano Seminar in business ethics at NYU’s Stern School of Business†(â€Å"Faculty and Research†). He earned a â€Å"B.S. in mathematics from Georgia Tech† and â€Å"an M.A. in statistics and a Ph.D. in economics† from the University of California at Berkeley (â€Å"Faculty and Research†). Frank has written and cowritten many books, as well as various... ...zon.com. Amazon, 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Falling Behind: How Rising Inequality Harms the Middle Class.† Goodreads. Goodreads, 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Finn, Daniel. "Smart for One, Dumb for All." Commonweal 135.5 (2008): 22+. Academic OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2014 Frank, Robert H. Falling Behind: How Rising Inequality Harms the Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. Gross, Daniel. "Thy Neighbor’s Stash." NYTimes.com. Ed. Andrew Rosenthal. New York Times, 5 Aug. 2007. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Herpangina† MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Feb. 2014. Web. 6 Feb. 2014 "Robert H. Frank." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. Whaley, Mary. "Falling Behind: How Rising Inequality Harms the Middle Class." Booklist 1 July 2007: 15. EBSCO Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.

Successful E-Business Systems: PayPal :: essays research papers

SUCCESSFUL E-BUSINESS SYSTEMS - PAYPAL ABSTRACT PayPal is an account-based system that allows anyone with an email address to send and receive online payments. This service is easy to use for customers. Members can instantaneously send money to anyone. Recipients are informed by email that they have received a payment. PayPal is also available to people in 38 countries. This paper starts with introduction to the company and its services. The information about the history and the current company situation are covered. Later some interesting and different technical issues are discussed. The Paper ends with analysis of the company and several future recommendations. KEYWORDS PayPal, Payment Systems, E-business, Money Transactions, PayPal Analyses. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. PayPal as e-Business 3. Technical Issues 4. Analysis (of PayPal as e-Business) 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 - PayPal –A Popular Company This paper is about a company called PayPal. First I will touch the general information about the company, then provide information about several details and finish with several useful future recommendations. PayPal (formerly X.com) that was founded in 1998 belongs to an Electronic Payment Systems, more precisely to Generic Systems subgroup. It is located in San Jose and carries out services that provide the possibility of sending and receiving money by means of computers in an easy, secure and fast way using an account-based system. This can be done by anyone (a private person or legal entity) who has an email address. When the money is transferred, a message is sent to the recipient’s email address notifying about the transaction. At the same time certain security measures are taken during these operations. One can still charge his or her account without having an electronic card, using the bank transfer or a paycheck. Transferring money is as easy as sending an email for customers. Page 2 2 (Fig.1, What is PayPal, retrieved on February 15 th , 2004 From: PayPal Developer Conference Keynote, Alex Kazim, VP Marketing, 05/08/03. Data available on http://paypaldev.org/ ) In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay. It has quickly become popular. Today the company offers services in thirty-eight countries and has about forty million customers for today. In most of these countries it supports bank withdrawal service and is especially popular among eBay customers. Fig.1 briefly illustrates Company’s business. The system enables its users to send money, using computers. The same can be done by means of mobile phones that are support Web.

Ketchup campaign seeks to expand ketchup

The message ‘ketchup zaroori' is aimed at communicating the same. We have not Just said ‘ketchup zaroorl', we have said ‘National Ketchup zaroorl' hence our campaign Is not promoting the category but the National Ketchup brand specifically. † On promoting the 100g sachet to end consumers: â€Å"We have had the 100g sachet for a long time but have never promoted it before. Our sachet SKUs (log and 100g) are generally used and distributed by hotels, estaurants and fast food chains.However we want to encourage impulse buying for this SKU and thus promoted it to the general consumer. Showing this SKU in the lunch boxes of kids is based on the insights we gathered from a LJ&A study we conducted across Pakistan whereby we learned that mothers often put these sachets in their kids' lunch boxes. † On out of home and inside home ketchup consumption habits: â€Å"The sachet SKUs are generally consumed out of home as they are easy to carry on the go. The bottle a nd pouch are consumed inside the home and often in arty and dinner settings. A word from the agency – Umair Shams, Account Manager, IAL Saatchi ; Saatchi On changing consumer behaviour for ketchup: â€Å"There Is a simple consumer truth In this category: Pakistanis are obsessed with condiments. However, tnere Is a speclTlc conolmenvsauce tnat goes wltn eacn T example imli chutney is consumed with dahl baray, zeera raita with pulao etc. We wanted the Pakistani consumer to make an exception when it comes to National Ketchup and pour it on anything and everything.Therefore, National Ketchup being the market leader has attempted to expand the usage and frequency of ketchup by showing a variety of snacks and foods that ketchup can be consumed with. The strategy was to show that ketchup is one versatile condiment, and when it's National Ketchup, there really are no rules. † On the campaign Jingle: â€Å"The Jingle is composed and sung by Shula Hyder from Speed of Sound. Hyd er has developed great music for National Foods over the years which includes AaJ Yeh Kounsa Mehmaan Aaya and Rung Bharti Jao. â€Å"

Mukcrakers 5.02

1. Define the term â€Å"Muckraker. † Be sure to include the name of the person who created it -Muckrakers were American journalists and novelists of the 20th century who exposed corruption in government and businesses. The term was created by Theodore Roosevelt. 2. Naturalism was a literary movement of the late 19th century that was an extension of Realism. What was the main focus of the Naturalistic writer? -The main focus of the Naturalistic writer was the fringes society, the criminal, the fallen, and the down-and-out 3.American Realists believed that humanity's freedom of choice was limited by the power of outside forces. How would this view differ from the perspective of the Romantic writer (think of someone like Emerson)? -Romantic writers believed that all people were encouraged torward self-development, and that everyone is valued as individuals from birth. They also believed in expressing themselves in ways that they chose, like art, and all kinds of expression. 4. I n  your  opinion, based on what you have read, why would post Civil War, newly industrialized America be attracted to the Realistic movement? It was an age of reform. There was so sugar coating things. The south was destroyed, newly frees blacks were in poverty, and the economy was bad. Change was happening but everything wasn’t lollipops and daises. 5. What is meant by the term â€Å"local color†? -Local color is also called regional literature. It is fictional literature about a certain region, which means the characters; the way they talk and live would all be they way things are in that specific region.

Philippine agenda reaction paper Essay

When our teacher told us that we will be watching a video about political government in the Philippines, I thought that it would be about politics only. But as the videos are playing, I realize that it was more than politics. It is an eye-opener not only for the government officials but also to all Filipinos. They made a documentation to open the eyes of the candidates for the election. It was made to let the government know the current condition of the Philippines with regards to the concern of the Filipinos. PHILIPPINE AGENDA: EDUCATION (EDUKASYON) The video entitled â€Å"Edukasyon† was one of the documentaries presented by Jessica Soho. The film shows the problem on education in our country. Many students and teachers are having a hard time in studying and teaching because of the insufficient facilities in different public schools. This includes the lack of chairs, tables, classrooms, chalkboards, books, and many others. Most teachers also have not undergone a proper training. Well, what they have documented is very true because I too came from a public school. And our school was also facing that kind of problem before. Though in my time, our school has improved a little bit. All of us had been given the privilege to have a book in different subjects one by one. We also have chairs to sit and tables to write on. Our chalkboard also is big enough, though some of it has a hole already. But our neighboring school was facing almost the same fate as the schools in  Masbate, as what the film documented. They have broken chalkboards, not enough classrooms, chairs, tables and books. Their teacher would go to our school to borrow a couple of books for them to use. There were also some privilege schools in our place who was included in the feeding program of the government. Our elementary school was included. The selected students who were malnourished were being feed every afternoon by the teachers and some of the parents. And after the feeding program, there is another program which is the giving of rice, noodles, and canned goods for the students. Each students was given one kilo of rice, some noodles and canned goods. But the program did not last long. The film helps me realize the great problem that our country is facing today with regards to the education for every Filipinos. And I am thankful that I was given the opportunity to have a better education. I also felt pity on the students who are having a hard time in getting the education that they wanted and at the same encouraged to pursue more on my studies to help those who are in need. Just like the students who were showed in the film, even though their fate in acquiring education is not as good as mine, but they still pursue their goals to finish their education to have a better future. These problems in our education today can be solved by giving more funds for education to build enough classrooms, chairs, tables, chalkboards, and other facilities for the students, publish more books, and support the teachers for their training in order for them to enhance their skills in teaching and to help the students to be more productive in their studies. PHILIPPINE AGENDA: HEALTH (KALUSUGAN) â€Å"Health is wealth†. Indeed, health is the true wealth of our nation. But as I watched the film â€Å"kalusugan† reported by Arnold Clavio, I found out the reason why our country is at the bottom of the list when it comes to the richest country. Because even the citizens here in our own nation have suffered from malnutrition. And how can they call our country rich when they have not taken care of the citizen which is the inheritance of our country? Just like the citizens on one of the place in Mindanao. Each children have a disease and are malnourished because there are no one who can monitor their health. It would take four to five hours to walk just to get to a hospital. And what do they get when they arrived there? Only paracetamols good for ten people. How can that cure there diseases when that is the only medicine that is free? Every other medicine has high price which they cannot afford to buy. There are many other places in the Philippines which was not visited by a single doctor. The government must make a move on reaching those citizens who have not yet been checked on their health status. They must act so that there will no more citizen in the Philippines who will die because of lack of food and medical support. Also, there are many places here in our country who are lacking facilities and medicines for the hospitals. Just like here in Bacolod and in Manila. The family of the patient must be the one who will provide a bed for their patient because there are no more vacant room. And there are many patients who have not given any medical attention that’s why some of them just died in the corner of the hospital. And there are many places also who do not have any hospital or health centers at all. The residence on that place was the one who built a health center. And the medicines they are having are just the usual medicine for fever, cough, and other common diseases. They only have one nurse who also became a doctor and a midwife. How can the government take care of the citizens when they let the doctors and nurses flee to another country? They must take care also the needs of the doctors and nurses so that they will not flee from our country. There are budgets given for the health of the people but where did the money go? What do they spend the money for? If they would have spent it wisely for the specific purpose of that money, our country and the people would not be suffering from lack of food and medical support. Each citizen must have been given a good service, maybe not given all that they need, but given just enough to make them feel that the government was not abandoning them. The government officials are educated people who knows how to manage a money and to spend it wisely for the specific purpose of that money. They must stop their corruption because instead of them helping the problems of our country, they were the one making it worst. If only they hear they cries of the family who lost their loved ones because of lack of support from the government. And they must act so that situations like these would not repeat again and again. All I can do now is to take care of myself and my love ones. Eat the right kind of food to avoid being hospitalized. And help those who are in need of my service. PHILIPPINE AGENDA: CORRUPTION (KATIWALIAN) One of the major reasons why our country are suffering from different problems is because of corruption. Even the educated people, like the government officials, are blinded when it comes to money. Their knowledge and discipline were gone when money was in front of them. Thus leads to corruption. Our country is facing some serious problems today like lack of services for the citizens. And they said that they have given a solution by giving a budget to that particular problem. But the question is, where is the budget now? Do the budgets intended for that problem really made a change? Or they just say that there is a budget to calm the people down but not used all of it for the specific purpose intended in that budget? Even the professionals who are educated, have learned the proper attitude, and knows the right discipline can be like a dump person who knows nothing when money is in front of them. They can be bought by just one to three numbers with many zeros on it. And if you think that zero is nothing, well, of put it behind a certain number, then that would change its value. It would not be nothing anymore. It would be something that can bought a life, especially when there are many zeros that are involve in that particular  number. It can either give or save lives, get or bought lives and change lives. Money have that kind of power in our world nowadays. It can make the powerful man even more powerful and it can ruin life. It can make a simple man be a powerful man or a criminal. And people can be crazy when it comes to money. But it can also change the life of a single person and the status of a certain country. It can be an instrument to ruin things but it can also be used to save and change everything. If it is used in a proper and good way, then it can change our lives forever. If only the government would discipline not only the citizens but also themselves, our country would be a better place to stay. It would be harmonious and the citizens would not go to other countries to serve other people just to provide the needs of their families. They would just stay here and serve our fellow Filipinos who needed their service. And if they only use the money intended for that specific purpose and not for their own, there will be less problems that our country would be facing today. And the problems that we are facing will be slowly but effectively be solved. And if there will be less problem, then our country will be a prosperous and harmonious one. And it would be included on the list of the richest country in the world. PHILIPPINE AGENDA: HOUSING (PABAHAY) One of the basic needs of a person is shelter. A good, nice and warm shelter or house for him to be protected from any cold, rain and sunshine. It is also a private place where a man can spend an alone and bonding time for his family. But how can a man be protected from cold and have a family time if he is sleeping under a bridge, in the street or in a squatter’s area where he is sharing his house with four more families? That is what most of the people in the cities where suffering. Most of them left the country, sold their belongings, and transferring to the city to find work. But because of the overpopulation in the city and they did not found any good work, they end up living under a bridge, on the street, and in a squatter’s area, sharing their shelter with two or more families. And  because they cannot go back to the country because they have no more belongings there, some of them have begun a family in city. The government had implemented a housing program and relocation sites. Some of it were already been built. But there are quandaries in the given solution of the said problem. Some have no electricity, the water is not clean, the location is not very suitable and comfortable, and is far from the city because there are no more sites available near the city. And some also are not finished. The government must give more budget for the housing of the citizens who are living under a bridge and in a squatter’s area. There are also some citizen who lost their home because of the natural calamities that struck the country. And many families are still suffering until now because of the slow action of the government. And the one that they have built for the families who were the first victims of the natural disaster had been broken again by the following typhoon that pass the country. They were providing a shelter for the victims but it was not good and long lasting because of the lack of budget for that project. And the government’s point of view is that the shortcomings are not all their fault. There are also people who lacks discipline. They sold their lands in the country, which was given by the government, and migrated to the city thinking that they will find fortune and good life there. Well, I don’t blame the government for that because it is true. They think that by living their comfort zone in the country and moving to the city would be a better idea. Some of them had found luck in the city but luck is just luck. And most of them did not found good luck. They found misfortune and ended up living and having a family under a bridge, on the street and in a squatter’s area. Their luck had run out. And because they did not found any good job and they cannot plant vegetables and other nutritious foods in the place where they live, they end up picking some left overs in the garbage and looking and selling scrap for them to make money to buy food to put on their tummy. And because of this, malnutrition takes place. PHILIPPINE AGENDA: HUNGER (GUTOM) When I was watching the video entitled â€Å"gutom†, I realized that I am lucky I am eating nutritious foods three times a day. There are many people out there who are starving and having a hard time in getting food. They were just eating the left-overs that are found in the trash bins. And they felt contented if they can eat even just one meal a day. And the worst part is, they have so many children. I am always wondering why do they made many children when they themselves are having a hard time in finding food for their own. How can they find food that is enough for them to eat if they have so many kids? Just like one of the family that was shown in the film which had 12 kids. And the mother is still caring a life inside her tummy. She was still pregnant even if they already had many kids. And the result is malnutrition because the children have not eaten the right kind of food and the right amount of vitamins and minerals that are needed in their body. It was hard for them to get nutritious foods because the foods that are prepared on their table is not enough to make their tummy full. And the baby inside the mother’s womb is also malnourished because the food that the mother had eaten is not nutritious enough to make the baby inside of her become healthy. So, even if the baby have not yet been born, it was already malnourished. If only they have planned well in making a family, they would not having a hard time finding food to feed their children because they only have fewer mouths to feed. And they can also eat nutritious foods three times a day. It is heartbreaking to know that there are Filipinos who are starving and have not eaten foods with the right nutrition. While there are many officials who are just expanding their riches and wasting their money instead of helping the Filipinos who are in need and giving them the right service. They are just having a good time with their money, spending it for their own good, not thinking that there are many children who are dying because of hunger and thirst. They did not consider the fact that even the  small amount of their wealth is enough to save a person’s life from dying of hunger. But this concern is not for the officials but also for the Filipinos who have so much wealth. Some of them are not officials but they are business men who are making wealth but not helping their fellow Filipinos. They must open their hearts to share their wealth and help those who are in need. Even a small act of kindness can save a person’s life. I felt pity on the people who are starving and I cannot even help them on my own. All I can do for now is not to waste anything-food, money, time and many others, and helping others who are in need if I have anything that can help them. And most of all, open my heart and mind to my fellow Filipinos who are in need of my help. PHLIPPINE AGENDA: WORK (TRABAHO) Work is essential to every person to earn money and to buy things we need in our every life. Money is needed in every manner to survive. And we cannot have money without working, either in a simple way or a hard way, in a good or bad way. But it is better to earn money in either simple or hard way but in a good way. But here in our own country, most of the citizen don’t have a good job and some of them really did not found a job. How can they provide money for the needs of their family when they don’t have any job at all? Some of them are being kicked out from the company they are working and others are forced to leave because of some reasons, it could be that their performance is not good enough, the company is reducing some workers, the wages are not enough or the company is closing. Because of the technology in our time now, most of the work are being done by machines. Instead of manually doing the work, the company are hiring more machines than hiring actual human to do the job because machines can do the job two to three times faster than humans. That is why they are losing more workers even if their work is getting bigger and faster. The only one who will remain in that company is operator of the machines and other important people who are expert in that field of the  work. And I cannot blame the Filipinos for going out from our own country and work in other countries because the government cannot provide them a good salary that can provide the needs of their family. They have to look for another job in other countries in order for their family to survive and to have a better life. They have finished a professional course here in our country but the salary is the major reason why they leave the country. But not all who go out from our country have found good fortune. And that is not the fault of the government. The citizens are also to be blamed because of lack of discipline. They just wanted to go out of the Philippines and paid a lot of money to a company who are hiring Filipinos to work for abroad, not inquiring if that company is a legal company, thus end up in a work they were not expecting to have in that particular country. And instead of practicing their profession in the place, they end up being a domestic helper, laborer, babysitter, housemaid , and many other work that is not related to their profession. Some got lucky and had a good boss but some of them were being abused by their boss and the owner of the house because of several reasons. They are lacking good skills, their performance in that work was not good enough, their boss is just so strict and abusive, and they were being forced to do things not according to their will and their contract. And some ended up being imprisoned, bullied by the person they work at, and the worst of all is being sentenced to death. Some of them are being hanged and others are being executed through the way they execute a person in that particular country. Some Filipinos also did not go out of our country but did not found a descent work. Thus end up in finding an illegal job like stealing, selling illegal drugs and other illegal products. Others also have become a holdaper and a killer just to have money to provide for their family to survive. They are lacking skills that is why there are no company hires them. These events can be avoided if only the government will not let anyone who go out of the country without a proper training and have undergone a proper procedure to ensure the work they are working in that particular country. And the Filipinos will not go out from our country if the work here in our own country gives enough wages to keep their family from being hungry. If the wages here in our country is enough to let the tummy of the worker’s family be full every day, then we would not be having a problem in giving service to the citizens in places where  services are highly needed, just like in a hospital, schools and other public service company.

Environmental impacts Essay

Introduction The Environment is the major resource for tourism. Tourism depends on the environment because environment is a major tourist attraction. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to investigate the environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area in Tanza, Cavite. Specifically, the study will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. What is the perception of the tourism industry that they are the source of effects on environment in terms of: 1.1 Natural environment; 1.2 Natural resources; and 1.3 Built environment. 2. Does the tourism industry has a benefits on environment in terms of: 2.1 resorts; 2.2 beaches; and 2.3 infrastructure. 3. What is the perception of the residents in the environmental impacts of tourism? Conceptual Framework Inputs Process Outputs Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite The figure 1 shows the input and the processes of the study. Coastal Area in Tanza, Cavite of the selected resorts and beaches are the things to be measured in the study and the process is perception questionnaire for Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Coastal Area. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will focus on collecting the data about environmental impacts of tourism in coastal area. This study is limited to the data that will be collected in the community of Tanza near the coastal area. Significance of the Study This study will contribute to the community near the coastal area and to the local government to bring back the beauty and natural appearance of the affected area and also to improve the beaches where most of the tourists visit to gain more customers. Also to know the main reason why the area is polluted if it’s because of the visitors or the local community. Definition of Terms Attraction – the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something. Beach – a pebbly or sandy shore, esp. by the ocean between high- and low-water marks. Built Environment – refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply, or energy networks. Environment – the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, esp. as affected by human activity. Environmental impacts – Environmental issues are harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Impact – have a strong effect on someone or something. Infrastructure – the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the  operation of a society or enterprise. Resort – a place that is a popular destination for vacations or recreation, or which is frequented for a particular purpose. Natural Resources – materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Environmental Impacts The environment is recognized as the major resource for tourism. There is a mutual dependence between tourism and environment which has been described as symbiotic. This relationship is one in which tourism benefits from being in a good quality environment and environment benefits from the measures taken to protect and maintain its value as a tourist resource. (Williams 1998). As an environmentally dependent industry (Hall, 2007), tourism can have significant impacts upon the natural environment. Because of this, tourism must be developed in a way that focuses on sustainability so that the infinite life of tourism can be ensured while preserving the natural resources provided by the environment (Bramwell, 1993). Tourism Tourism as people who travel â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity (Hunziker and Krapf 1941). Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes (Tourism Society of England 1976). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design The researchers will use descriptive-correlation design in this study. The  researchers will get the perception of the residents on the impacts of the tourism in the areas. Using descriptive-correlation the researcher will show if there are any negative effects of tourism in the coastal areas. Sources of Data The researchers will get the perception of the guests, they will be asked about all the factors that affect the coastal area. They will also asked if the tourism industry is one of the biggest factor, and their perception about the environmental impacts of tourism industry in their place. Data Gathering Procedure The primary data will be gathered to answer the objectives of the study. The data will be collected through questionnaire which includes demographic data and the researcher will also conduct an interview to the residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza Cavite. Data Analysis The population consists of 100 local residents near the following coastal areas in Tanza, Cavite. Convenience sampling will be use to determine the impacts of tourism in coastal areas. The researchers will get the perception of the residents by answering the questionnaire if they strongly agree to strongly disagree. Statistical Treatment Research Instrument The researcher will use survey questionnaire for the study, they will also conduct a personal interview and visit the sites.

The Truth About Iraq May Be Elusive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Truth About Iraq May Be Elusive - Essay Example Was the intelligence on Iraq deliberately corrupted or was there an administrative blunder that skewed the presentations? Was there an overall rush to war after 9/11 during which period the evidence was disregarded in favor of "groupthink"? To answer these important questions, it's necessary to examine the irregularities that surrounded 9/11 and the events that led up to the War in Iraq. We will find a pattern of mismanagement, deceit, and rationalization. The loudest and most convincing case for going to war was based on the belief that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). United Nations weapons inspectors had been in and out of Iraq on an irregular basis for the 10 years prior to the fall of 2002 and again just months before the war. They had never found verifiable evidence of a WMD program. In November 2002 the UN team returned to Iraq headed by international expert Hans Blix. They were still unable to report with any conviction the presence of WMD. During this period Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, was getting concerned about the lack of evidence for WMD. And he was not alone. General James Marks, in charge of ground intelligence had similar misgivings. When Rumsfeld was questioned about his uncertainty he later admitted that he was unsure. He said, "I was very worried about it" (Woodward 100). When asked if he was aware that a two star general named Spider Marks shared a similar concern about the lack of WMD evidence Rumsfeld replied, "No. I mean, we dealt with the combatant commander's people. I may have met him, but I don't know him" (Woodward 100). It may seem incredulous that in the fine tooth search for WMD, the Secretary of Defense had not talked to, and in fact did not know, the General in charge of ground intelligence. To mislead the public on this critical breakdown in communications would serve Rumsfeld no good purpose. We can only guess that the failure was due to incompetence, indifference, or 'groupthink'. While Rumsfelds's beliefs may have clouded his objectivity, the Niger uranium connection can not be so easily dismissed. During the State of the Union address in January 2003, Mr. Bush said to the nation, "The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa" ("State of the Union Address"). However, the CIA had discredited this information as early as 2002 (Stein). Both the CIA and the State Department had voiced doubts about the authenticity of the documents. Yet, the information was included in the address to the public. Days before the war, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the UN Security Council held that the documents were suspect and inaccurate. The FBI would later investigate them as forgeries (Getrz). In the days before the war, Congress raised concern over the issue of the Niger uranium connection. In a letter to President Bush dated March 17, 2003, Representative Henry Waxman wrote, "In the last ten days, however, it has become incontrovertibly clear that a key piece of evidence you and other Administration officials have cited regarding Iraq's efforts to obtain nuclear weapons is a hoax". Because Waxman could see the wheels of war beginning to spin, he closed his letter with a sense of urgency, "Given the urgency of the situation, I would appreciate an expeditious response to these questions.". Honest leaders would have provided a quick and honest reply. The Honorable Henry Waxman would have to wait a full six weeks. On April 29, 2003 he received a letter from a low level State Department employee. It said in part, "Based on what appeared at the time

The Globalisation of McDonalds and the Role of Management Essay

The Globalisation of McDonalds and the Role of Management - Essay Example McDonald’s Conquers the world. Fortune, October, 17, 103-116. 12 VIGNALI, C. 2001. McDonald’s:â€Å"think global, act local†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe marketing mix. British Food Journal, 103, 97-111. 12 WATSON, J. L. 2006. Golden arches east: McDonald's in East Asia, Stanford Univ Pr. 12 Executive Summary McDonalds is a widely known brand that is recognised throughout the world. It was begun by Ray Kroc who saw potential in a small drive-in restaurant ran by two brothers. Through his passion and leadership the company grew to its current standing and continues to grow. This report focus on four aspects, first it examines what traits made Ray Kroc and James Cantalupo good leaders and good managers for the company. Following this it examines the elements of business strategies for the company and how they increase the business. Then it considers the fast food industry as a whole and finally looks at changes in organisation to make it more globalized. Introduction McDonalds is a multinational corporation that spans the globe, and is often considered one of the most successful business empires. The franchise was originally born from a drive-in restaurant named McDonald’s Bar-B-Que which began in 1940. In 1948 the restaurant was shut down for alterations and reopened as a drive-in restaurant, selling a total of nine items, the most important of which was the 15 cent hamburger. The big change to the business came when salesman 52-year old Ray Kroc visited McDonalds and takes a position as a nationwide franchising agent for the company (McDonalds, 2011). Following the introduction of Kroc to the company McDonalds become connected to many of the icons and symbols that it is associated with today. The first restaurant had red and white tiles as well as the now famous Golden Arches which... McDonalds is a multinational corporation that spans the globe, and is often considered one of the most successful business empires. The franchise was originally born from a drive-in restaurant named McDonald’s Bar-B-Que which began in 1940. In 1948 the restaurant was shut down for alterations and reopened as a drive-in restaurant, selling a total of nine items, the most important of which was the 15 cent hamburger. The big change to the business came when salesman 52-year old Ray Kroc visited McDonalds and takes a position as a nationwide franchising agent for the company. Following the introduction of Kroc to the company McDonalds become connected to many of the icons and symbols that it is associated with today. The first restaurant had red and white tiles as well as the now famous Golden Arches which were designed for the brand. Within the space of ten years more than 700 McDonald’s restaurants had opened across the United States. McDonalds expanded internationally in 1967 by opening restaurants in Puerto Rico and Canada. In the present day, the corporation has restaurants in 117 countries worldwide, with the total restaurant number totalling over 32,000. McDonalds faced many challenges with its worldwide expansion. An example of this was its expansion into India. In 1996 it opened its first restaurant in New Delhi, where it drew substantial criticism for the sale of beef I its other restaurants, even though it was not offering beef products in New Delhi.

Ethical Dilemma Of Joe Darby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma Of Joe Darby - Essay Example The ethical dilemma of Joe Darby solved in terms of the ethics of care framework underlines that Darby's choice was an embodiment of his ethical background. The result of Darby’s decision turned into a vulnerable and threatening for his wife and himself. Darby wanted to become famous and he succeeded. On the one hand in the beginning of the story he wanted to stay unidentified, but finally, his name became renowned. Once he decided to air the ill-fated photos, he should have considered probable outcomes of his decision. In the framework of the ethics of care, the results of one’s choice were damaging and unhelpful to his family. In reference to laws of the ethics of care, which underline protecting the vulnerable and limiting damage when large forces collide. On the contrary, personal choice of Darby was guided by ethical issues. His own judgment of violation and atrocities at Abu Ghraib underlines the seriousness of his attitude to military oversight. Straightforward a ctions of Darby, who could have appealed to his command or who could have waited for a certain judgment from an international, make an emphasis on his personal disregard of American military system. Ideals instilled in him from the very beginning of his service were scattered off. Darby decided to initiate a struggle with injustice himself. Therefore, ethics of care can be applied to this ethical dilemma while it’s focused on individuality and his choice; the attention is the aid to the central place of individual interests in making choices.

How do men and women use language differently Research Paper

How do men and women use language differently - Research Paper Example â€Å"Men grow up in a world in which a conversation is often a contest, either to achieve the upper hand or to prevent other people from pushing them around whereas women often speak for confirmation and support† The male domination in the society is often cited as major the reason for which males and females use language differently. Women in normal cases, use more polite words than men. Men always try to stamp their authority and they often use bold words to dominate over others. On the other hand women use soft words because of their inferior status in the society. Women and men have different purposes in a communication process and they use language based on the purpose. For example, men usually use language as a status symbol and to dominate over others whereas women often seek support and they use polite words. â€Å"Women tend to use more standard forms of English whereas men tend to use less standard forms of English†(Women language, n. d). The intentions of wo men and men in a conversation are different. Women often work for social cohesion and they do not like conflicts in the society. So they use only formal languages in order to avoid clashes. Women are normally peace loving people. On the other hand, men often use language to assert their dominance in a group which is hierarchically formed. In other words, men often like the company of people who are ready to accept their views and opinion. For example, drug addicts or alcohol addicts often like to have the company of similar people whereas nonalcoholic people will never like the company of alcoholic people.

The Persuasive Power of the Media Research Paper

The Persuasive Power of the Media - Research Paper Example In addition to that, the paper seeks to find out which models are most genuine when it comes to explaining the influence of media on society (Wimmer, 2010). Lastly, the paper will apply one of the theories to a current example in the media with the purpose of critiquing the model. The theories Various theories have been put forward to actually explain how media influences people and the power it has to do so. These are Cognitive dissonance theory, Communication accommodation theory, Spiral silence theory, Uses and Gratification theory and Symbolic interaction theory. Cognitive dissonance theory Proponents of this theory argue that experience of dissonance is always aversive and people always tend to ensure that they avoid it completely (Niklas, 2000). Dissonance, in this case, means incompatible believes and actions. In so doing, the theory puts it that people tend to seek and find out something that does not contradict their opinion or belief. They also seek to hear something that i s in line with their thinking and therefore make decisions that do not bring about feelings of dissonance. In explaining the influence that the media has on society, the theory argues that information delivered to the people through the mass media is made to be in line with what those in societies expect. The end process of all this is where the mass media is able to change the beliefs, attitude, and actions of people thereby influencing them. Communication accommodation theory The theory originated from the speech accommodation theory in communication skills. The main interest of this theoretical perspective is to explain what happens whenever two people are communicating and they shift their communication style. The theory argues that whenever people are communicating to others, they will always ensure that they shift their communication style to fit that of others (Stay, 2006). To ensure that this is achieved people always tend to either use convergence or a divergent approach to communicate to the mass.

Alex Prager Art Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alex Prager Art Works - Essay Example Flavien Demarigny, a resident of Los Angele commonly known by the natives as Mambo is an artist who rose to fame through self-determination and commitment. In his work as an artist, before becoming to the limelight. The Australian brand has hit 30th birthday and is one of the most famous brands in the nation and abroad. Its originality places it at a better position to recognition as a distinct brand. The banded t-shirts also contributed immensely to its preference. Through various art works, Mambo succeeded in dealing with racial preference as well as commercialism. This he achieved by incorporating fun facts into the various works. In the latest work, dubbed 30 years off the shelf- indulgence, ideologies that make the brand stand out are well incorporated. Mambo, as a brand encompasses various sectors including fashion, general art, and design. Mambo combines the use of music and humor to make it the preferred brand in Australian artistry. The target audience by the artist is the a verage Australian and other citizens outside the Australian borders. Politically, Mambo helped to reduce the oppression in the 1980s in Australia through use comments done by its artists. Invitation by New South Wales Art Gallery was a boost to the label in the political arena. The Gallery exposed Mambo internationally enabling the label recognition by the state. Consequently, the state gave Mambo the mandate to design uniforms for its athletes. In Australia today, Mambo is a recognized brand that stands out from other designer brands.

Theory of Constraints Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theory of Constraints - Assignment Example h a difference of four minutes, it means that the first customer to be served will leave when the last customer is left with 24 minutes to leave because the total time that is being lost before the servers finish with their last customer in the first round of 12 is 24 minutes. And suppose there is an increment in the number of servers then there will be decrease in time lost with increase in the number of customers served which is directly proportional to increase in general income of the process(Jacobs, Chase & Lummus, 2011). If the average cost per meal is 10$ then it means that in the first 50 minutes the process shall have generated 120$ and in the first 1 hour it shall have generated 144$. For a better understanding of that calculation the figures are tabulated as shown bellow Increment in the number of customers can comfortably accommodate by increment in the number of employees by a positive figure of one and at the same time the current employees must adjust their level of performance for the general success of the process(Jacobs, Chase & Lummus,

Essays Essay Example for Free

Essays Essay In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the Empires southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with numerous naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road, a term coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877. [20][21]) This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy. Turkey 7 The Ottoman Empires power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian [] Commonwealth. Wikipedia:Citing sources At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from erritorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. [22] The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one of the most famous architectural legacies of the Ottoman Empire. From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empires heartland in Anatolia,[23]Wikipe dia:Verifiability[24] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian Massacres. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1. 5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. [25][26] The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. ] Large scale massacres were also committed against the empires other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians. [][][27] Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. [] Republic of Turkey The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishmen t of the Turkish national movement. ] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sevres. [] By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which declared itself the legitimate government of the country in April 1920, started to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 ears of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed Republic of Turkey as the Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder and first continuing state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially President of the Republic of Turkey. proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the countrys new capital. [] The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1. 1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey. ] Turkey Mustafa Kemal became the republics first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming old Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic. [] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname Ataturk (Father of the Turks. )[] Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonial gesture. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. ] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine i n 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U. S. military and economic support. [] Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961. 8 Roosevelt, Inonu and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between 4–6 December 1943. After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974. ] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, was established. [28] The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups detat in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. []Wikipedia:Citing sources In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government, which ha s claimed over 40,000 lives;[29] a peace process is currently ongoing. 30][31] Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. [] Politics Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. [] Turkeys constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gul was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer. [32] Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others. [] Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been elected three times as Prime Minister: In 2002 (with 34% of the popular vote), in 2007 (with 47%) and in 2011 (with 49%). Turkey The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of onfidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage. [33] In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46. 6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament. 34] Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gul, who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties;[35] and the governments proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party. 36] 9 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara during a speech of U. S. President Barack Obama on 6 April 2009. Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country. [] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. 37][38] There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and Izmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament. ] Because of this threshold, in the 2007 elections only three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002). [39][40] Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights, womens rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkeys human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. 41] According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Turkish government has waged one of the worlds biggest crackdowns on press freedoms. A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of terrorism and anti-state activities such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as denigrating Turkishness in an effort to sow self-censorship. As of 2012, CPJ identified 76 journalists in jail, including 61 directly held for their published work, more than Iran, Eritrea and China. [42] A former U. S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey. [43] Turkey 10 Foreign relations Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992), the D-8 (1997) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 17 October 2008, Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. [] Turkeys membership of the council effectively began on 1 January 2009. [] Turkey had previously been a member of the U. N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961. ] In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political nego tiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. ] Since 1974, Turkey has not recognized the Republic of Cyprus, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established in 1983 and is recognized only by Turkey. [] The Cyprus dispute complicates Turkeys relations with both NATO and the EU, and remains a major stumbling block to Turkeys EU accession bid. [] Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the EEC since 1963, and having joined the EU Customs Union in 1995. The other defining aspect of Turkeys foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkeys geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the countrys bid to join the European Union. The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[44] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkeys foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkeys border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following Armenias occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. [45] Under the AK Party government, Turkeys influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism. [46][47] Turkey 11 Military Troops of the Turkish Army; Type 209 submarines of the Turkish Navy; and F-16s of the Turkish Air Force. The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions. [] The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament. [] The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Ozel since August 4, 2011. [48] Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location. [49] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. 50] The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U. S. Armed Forces, with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches. [51] Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups. [] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [52] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, ut their use requires the approval of NATO. [53] In 1998, Turkey announced a modernisation program worth US$160 billion over a twenty-year period in various projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assault rifles. [54] Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. [55] Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus; their presence is supported and approved by the de facto local government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the international community regard it as an illegal occupation force, and Turkey its presence has also been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions. [] Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilisation force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. 51][56] In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict. [57] 12 Administrative divisions The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts. Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: Izmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazar? ). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5 million), Izmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million). The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country. [] An estimated 75. 5% of Turkeys population live in urban centers. 58] In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000. Turkey 13 Geography Turkey is a transcontinental[] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, an d the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country. 59] Topographic map of Turkey The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000  mi) long and 800  km (500  mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. [] It lies between latitudes 35 ° and 43 ° N, and longitudes 25 ° and 45 ° E. Turkeys area, including lakes, occupies 783,562[60] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square Panoramic view of the Fairy Chimneys in Cappadocia kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. [] Turkey is the worlds 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest. [] Mount Ararat (Agr? Dag? ) is the highest peak in Turkey with 5,137 m (16,854 ft) The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Koroglu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkeys highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854  ft),[][61] and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country. Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkeys total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. [] Turkeys varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 1999. 62] Turkey 14 Climate The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation an d is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimetres annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. Oludeniz on the Turquoise Coast, which is famous for its Blue Cruise voyages. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons. Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of ? 30  °C to ? 40  °C (? 22  Ã‚ °F to ? 40  °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1  °C (34  °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30  °C (86  °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15  in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12  in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest. [63] Winter in Lake Uzungol Economy Turkey has the worlds 16th largest GDP-PPP and 17th largest nominal GDP. [] The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the countrys economic heart. The towers of Sisli are on the left, while those of Levent business district are on the right. Turkey foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However, in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut Ozal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model. ] The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),[64] and 2001;[65] resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003. [66] Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility. 67] Since the economic crisi s of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Dervis, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen. Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. ] The public debt to GDP ratio, while well below its levels during the recession of 2001, reached 46% in 2010 Q3. The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6. 8% annually,[69] which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, growth slowed to 1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a recession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010. [] 1 5 Turkish Airlines is the flag carrier airline of Turkey since 1933. It was selected by Skytrax as [68] Europes best airline in 2012. In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira, on 1 January 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. [70] On 1 January 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10%. ] Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2011, 33. 3 million foreign visitors arrived in Turkey, making the country worlds sixth most-popular tourism destination; they contributed $23 billion to Turkeys revenues. [71] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, text iles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive.