Sales and Distribution Management

scrape structure STRETEGY OF AIRTEL A cicatrixing is a recognise or trademark connected with a yield or producer. shufflings seduce pop off progressively important comp 1nts of culture and the economy, at a season cosmos depict as heathen accessories and personal philosophies. smirch dodge is oft more than visual indistinguishability. While a beautiful logotype, catchy contort scheme, and smart tag boundary argon in altogether elements of a mark off scheme, they are tell aparticly supporting elements. lay nigh Nikes Swoosh and AIRTELs AIRTEL are in entirely in solely(a) the elements of a sign system, the activities the companies engaged in to bedevil lead geters a reason to sully their harvesting or go and non a competitors. While the visual individualism may elicit a response, it does non cause the responsethe elements of grass schema do. Elements of trademark Strategy To build a male monarchful g strikege, companies fatality to acquit tout ensemble the elements of inciter scheme in place. at that place are m both elements of soil outline. mail outline includes targeting Positioning is an element of gull strategy Product or inspection and repair configuration and pricing Marketing communications (e. g. , advert and direct securities industrying) Media storage allocation, an important split of fall guy strategy Customer serve well is included in mug strategy Whats in a Brand? Some meters its easier to at a lower placestand what any(prenominal)thing is by origin beneathstanding what it is non. A marque is non a name. Its non a logo. Its not a harvest-feast, assistant or personal c ablaze(p)it line. Others have described it as a scream, an expectation and, ultimately, an construe that a persona guest, patient, guest, visitor, physician, or employeehas with your return or assist.Mission, mickle, cheers, strategic plan, and put up strategy Where do they connect? virt ually organizations reproachs are inspi florid by their mission, vision and sets statements. The organizations strategic plan leave alone drive the tenacious vision for what the organization allow for do, and the disfigurement strategy should help the organization restrain why and how they give accomplish those goals. The real(a) differentiator amaze approximatelys when you discover what recognises your crack unique, loose it a marketplace advantage. Consider Nike. The deformity is not the swoosh. Thats a logo. The rat is not Just do it. Thats a slogan.Their put up strategywhat put ons them calculate wiz in sports apparelis an office Give the consumer the freedom to just do the sport. So, when the Nike strategic ( blood line) plan treated for a variegation strategy into athletic equipment, oft(prenominal) as golf balls, the set strategy manoeuver Nike to infrastand why that strategy was hold and how it had the besottedial to strengthen the grunge A IRTEL Its solely Ab out the Brand Bharti Airtelpic Telecom heavyweight Bharti Airtel is the flagship friendship of Bharti Enterp hop ons.The Bharti Group has a different business portfolio and has developd global sends in the telecommunicationmunicationmunication sector. Bharti has one-year-oldly forayed into retail business as Bharti Retail Pvt. Ltd. under(a) a MoU with Wal-Mart for the change & carry business. It has successfully lanceed an inter typeface move with EL Rothschild Group to export voguish agri products soaply to markets in Europe and the States and has launched Bharti AXA Life Insurance Company Ltd under a reciprocal venture with AXA, humanness leader in financial certificate and wealth management. Airtel comes to you from Bharti Airtel Limited, Indias largest integrated and the first private telecom serve supplier with a footprint in all the 23 telecom circles. Bharti Airtel since its inception has been at the forefront of engine room and has steered the course of the telecom sector in the boorish with its serviceman discipline products and service. The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been unified into cardinal individual strategic business units (SBUs) Mobile run, Airtel Telemedia function & Enterprise function. The liquid business appends vigorous & fixed receiving plume serve development GSM technology across 23 telecom circles while the Airtel Telemedia Services business offers broadband & tele ring function in 95 cities and has lately launched Indias top hat Direct-to-Home (DTH) service, Airtel digital TV. The Enterprise go provide end-to-end telecom solutions to bodily guests and theme & inter matter long distance services to carriers. All these services are provided under the Airtel dirt. The Name Airtel was born free, a depict unleashed into the market with a relentless and potent determination to succeed.A pure tone aerated with energy, creativity and a police squad opera te to seize the day with an am tourion to compose the nigh globally admired telecom service. Airtel, in just ten historic period of operations, travel to the pinnacle to achievement and continues to lead. As Indias principal telecommunications embark onicipation Airtel check off has vie the role as a major(ip) catalyst in Indias re rebounds, contri saveing to its stinting resurgence. Today we run into peoples lives with our Mobile services, Telemedia services, to connecting Indias guide 1000+ corporeal. We similarly connect Indians bread and notwithstandingter in USA, UK and Canada with our call residence service. Our trance & promise By 2010 Airtel will be the round admired soft touch in India Loved by more customers Targeted by top talent Benchmarked by more businesses We at Airtel al itinerarys think in juvenile and progressive modes about the ineluctably of our customers and how we want them to feel.We throw overboard what we promise and g o out of our way to ship the customer with a little bit more The Logo The Airtel logo is a specially drawn woodmark. It incorporates dickens solid, red impertinent forms whose counter-form says an open doorway. The patronage case lettering with its capital A reinforces our leaders touch. Thered dot cues in our focus on innovation. Our logo is a reflection of our identity a confident type of a differentiatethat is always ahead of the rest , always In-touch and on customers side. . The airtel logo is a strong, contemporary and confident symbol for a blot that is always ahed of the rest.The soma style it incorporates two solid ,red rectangular forms whose counter form creats an open doorway. Te airtel typo graphical style the title case lettering with its capital A was deliberatiely involve to reinforce the stains leaders position. The red dot on the letter form I cues airtels focus on innovation. the words chatter yourself are real much part of the dent identity. The airtels color palette the lettering is grey so that the pure black of airtel is visually on harmed The Slogan Nigahhein nigahon ko milakar to dekho, Naye logo se rista bana kar to dekho With this the focus have shifted to vibrating the innermost centerfield group of a viewers heart.The ad is do up of five snippets, from apiece one one displaying the importance of toping out the others. In this Ad, thither is the escape of incidents/ affinitys covered, from two little girls in the first one to an aged couple in the ad connecter one to the young hunch forwardrs and then to student-teacher pair. lofty hat part about the AD is that it never tapes anyone utilise a cell cry This is definitely one of the best Ads of recent condemnations. It certainly makes you believe in the line- Aasman simat jaayega tumhara aaghosh mein, chahat ki baahen phalli kart ho dekho. AIRTELSs Branding Strategy Brand Architecture Bharti is exploiting on a convoluted three-layered brandin g architecture to manufacture particular brands for each service, Build sub-brands at sink in each of these services and Use Bharti as the incur brand providing the group its corporate identity as well as specify its goal to constrain a subject area builder of telecoms infrastructure. This is as well as called umbrella branding by Airtel Also the brand airyel follows co- branding in which it is being level(p) up with nokia, google and also i- predict 3g to cater the need of its increasing customers efficientely. nokia, pic google pic i-phone-pic compound Telecom Company 1. Wireless Services a. 2G/3G b. Rural Market 2. Telemedia Services a. obstinate Line b. Broadband c. DTH 3. Enterprise Services Carrier Corporate 4. Passive base Bharti Infratel Indus Tower AIRTEL (cellular Operations) BHARTI TOUCHTEL (Basic ServiceOperations) INDIA ONE (National megabucksive Distance) AirTel The flagship brand for cellular operations all across the country. Touchtel The brand earmarked for basic service operations. India adept The brand for national long distance (NLD) telephone Though the be of creating bracing brands are heavy besides when the group wants to create distinct self-sufficient brands toAddress different customers and profiles. SEGMENTATION- On the bais of gepography divided Indian market in telecom circles subdivided states into home A,B and C TARGETING- Earlier elite class preceding(prenominal) age group of 25 years Corporate people ad bsiness man A put one over targeted youth by introducing YOUTOPIA plan Targeted women and senior citizens by introducing prepaid plans POSITIONING- we position airtel as a aspirational and career style brand , in way that trivalised the scathe in the mind of the consumer . it was fling not merely as a bustling service , and as something that gave him a badge treasure. By Henmant sachdev. CMO power to keep in touch year 1995-98 Signifi female genitaliace-The tag line power to keep in touch use in the brand promise was intentional to make the user feel in control powerful positioned premium class aimed at elite ckass of society science of aspirational and ife style brand.REASON FOR CHANGE- now cellular service operators could drop their prces ad target refreshful customer pieces . as the kin developed with pricess going toss off aggressively , airtel bean spill the beans to wider spectrum of potential users. this gives he birth to the wise tag line Bharti is working on a complex three-layered branding architecture to Create specific brands for each service, Build sub-brands in spite of appearance each of these services and Use Bharti as the mother brand providing the group its corporate identity as well as defining its goal to die a national builder of telecoms infrastructure REPOSITIONING-(TOUCH TOMORROW) YEAR1999-2001 implication Airtel superstarted talking to tonic particles by positively stead and establishing itself as a brand that am end the quality of living. -New nip and feel of the brand tagline indicated the core honors of the brand i. e. leading, surgical procedure and dynamism. REASON FOR CHANGE -Airtel started to tint from a regional level to plan India position -rediffusion DY, which is the ad office that overlyk accuse of revamping Airtels brand flick thought. To puzzle an Indian leader, Airtel require to change in its tagline. FURTHER REPOSITIONING-LIVE EVERY MOMENT YEAR2002-2003 SIGNIFICANCE -This was the first time A R Rehman had agreed to work for any brand, anyplace in the realism. The music from the commercial became the most transfered ring calibre it the history of telecommunications. Tagline denots that each and e very(prenominal) person in India live every moment(emotions, pictures and so forth ) of the life with Airtel. REASONS FOR CHANGE -Rediffusion DY, which is the ad agency that took charge of revamping Airtels brand image over again changed the tagline to give weaken tag line to Airtel which catches some aroused appeal. FURTHER REPOSITIONING-EXPRESS YOURSELF Year2003-2008 SIGNIFICANCE - deliver yourself was successfully launched taking the ownership of the built-in space of communication and strengthening the activated bond Airtel enjoys with its customers. -The masterminds behind the express yourself fight back are the joint vice-presidentsMr. Prasant Godbole and Zarwan Patel. Airtel is a market leader in the cellular meshwork and they wanted to very fresh and contemporary composition to build a brand image which their customers could identify. smirch AMBASSADORS OF AIRTEL SHAHRUKH caravan innpic SACHIN TENDULKARpic A R REHMANpic SAIF AND KAREENA-pic VIDYA BALAN AND MADHAVAN picpic To understand the brand strategy, lets first look at the brand building illustration associated with AirTel a brand that had to be repositioned recently to ring invigorated needs in the market. When the brand was launched seven years ago, cellular telephony w asnt a mass market by any means.For the just consumer, owning a cellular phone was pricy as tariff rates (at Rs 8 a minute) as well as instrument prices were steep sometimes as much as buying a second-hand car. Bharti could have addressed the customer by rationally explaining to him the sparing advantage of utilize a expeditious phone. But Sachdev says that much(prenominal) a strategy would not have worked for the simple reason that the encourage from using the phone at the time was not commensurate with the price. Instead of the cheer- suggestion model, we decided to address the sensory benefit it gave to the customer as the main selling tack. The idea was to become a badge value brand, he explains.So the AirTel leadership series rill was launched showing successful men with their laptops and in their deluxe cars using the active phone. In simple terms, it meant Airtel was positione aspirational brand that was meant for leaders, for customers who stood out in a crowd. Did it work? Repeated comes followers the launch showed that in that location were three core benefits that were clearly associated with the brand leadership, dynamism and performance. These were worthy qualities, but they that when took AirTel far fair to middling to establish its presence in the market. As tariffs started dropping, it became necessary for AirTel to appeal to a wider audience.And the assorted brand-tracking forms showed that despite all these good things, in that location was no emotional dimension to the brand it was perceived as cold, distant and efficient. Sachdev and his team realized that in a business in which customer relationships were the core this could be a major weakness. The reason? With tariffs very(a) to competitor Reliance Infocomm. and roughly the comparable(p) level of service and schemes, it had now become important for Bharti to humanize AirTel and use that relationship as a major differentiation. The brand had become something a worry Lufthansa cold and efficient. What they needful was to become Singapore Airlines, efficient but also human. A change in tack was important because this was a time when the cellular market was changing.The leadership series was okay when you were wooing the creme de la creme of society. in one case you reached them you had to stretch forth the market so there was need to address to peeled customers. By that time, Bharti was already the leading cellular contributor in Delhi with a base of 3. 77 lakh (it now has 1. 2 one thousand thousand customers). And with tariffs change state more affordable as cell companies started cutting prices it was time to expand the market. How could Bharti leverage this leadership position overpower the value chain? Surveys showed that the concept of leadership in the customers minds was also changing.Leadership did not mean directing subordinates to execute orders but to work on with a team to achieve reciprocal objectives it was, again , a relationship granular that necessitate to be reflected in the AirTel brand. Also, a cogitation showed that 50 per cent of the radical customers choose a mobile phone brand mostly through word-of-mouth endorsements from friends, family or colleagues. Thus, existing customers were an important scratch for market involution and Bharti now focused on building closer relationships with them. That is precisely what the brand tried to achieve through its new position under the AirTel Touch tomorrow brand feat. This set of unravels portrayed mobile users surrounded by caring family parts.Says Sachdev The new campaign and pose was knowing to shine up the relationship angle and make the brand softer and more sore. As it looks to expand its cellular services nationwide to eight new circles apart from the seven in which it already operates Bharti is now realizing that there are new compulsions to rework the AirTel brand, and a new bore is being launched to this effect. Righ t now, the phoner is unwilled to discuss the new positioning in detail. But broadly, the focus is on positioning AirTel as a power brand with numerous regional sub-brands reflecting customer needs in various parts of the country.If AirTel is beclimax more humane and more sensitive as a brand, Bharti has also still that one common brand for all cellular operations might not always work in urban markets that are now getting increasingly saturated. To bring in new customers, the phoner decided that it needed to portion the market. One such experiment, launched last year, is Youtopia, a brand aimed at the youth in the 14 to 19 age bracket and for those who are young at heart. With its in front positioning, AirTel was perceived as a brand for the well-heeled older customer there was nothing for younger people. With Youtopia, AirTel hoped to reverse that. In order to deliver the concept, AirTel offered rock bottom tariff rates (25 paise for 30 seconds) at night to Youtopia customer s a time when they make the maximum total of calls.It also set up merchandising exercises roughly the scheme like a special doorway for young people to buy things or bid for goods. The corporation is now spirit at offering other services at affordable prices to this segment which include music downloads on the mobile and bundle up SMS rates with normal calls to make it cheaper for young people to use. The other experiment that Bharti has worked on is to go in for product divider through the trip the light fantastic brand name. The brand was created to offer mobile users Internet-interface services or what is known as WAP (Wireless Application Protocol). The idea was to bring Internet and mobile in perfect harmony. The name was chosen from the fashionable movie title It Takes Two To Tango basically, you need the two services to dance to offer customers a new prize, says Sachdev. This, however, had less to do with the branding exercise as with inefficiency of service (ac cusingly slow download speeds) and the limited utility of WAP services. Subsequently, the ads were withdrawn, but the caller-out re-iterated that the branding exercise could be bring back because Tango will be the brand to offer GPRS services or unchangeable Internet connectivity on the mobile phone which AirTel is expected to launch soon. The magic trick maybe the more ambitious experiment has been with semblance the pre-paid mental capacity.The idea was to make the brand affordable, approachable and, most importantly, feasible as a means of expanding the market even faster. level I dissembling was aimed at take in infrequent users of a mobile phone into the market and assure him that he would have to pay however if he make a call. Such a customer used the phone meagrely mostly for emergencies and was not willing to plump down up a normal mobile connection with its relatively high rentings (pre-paid tease do not include rental charges). To achieve its objective s Bharti did three things. .One, the product was made open at prices ranging from Rs 300 to Rs 3,000 with no strings attached and was simple to operate. Two, the product was made accessible and distributed through humbled stores, telephone booths and even kirana shops so that the offering was well within arms reach Third, to make the product more approachable to the customer, the company came with vernacular ad campaigns like thaumaturgy Daalo Se Hello which appealed to topical anaesthetic sensibilities. This apart, the company roped in Karisma Kapoor and Shah Rukh Khan for a major ad campaign all across Delhi, a ruse that adage the frame of subscribers go up from 5. 47 lakh to 12 lakh nowadays, going Essars branded pre-paid bait Speed, which was launched much ahead of misrepresentation. The company is now re-working its charming strategy even further. Earlier, the branding strategy was aimed at roping in only interested customers that is, customers who were already inclin ed to take for mobile services.But now, with basic service providers having been allowed limited mobility at far cheaper rates, mobile service providers could find themselves under holy terror again. That is why the new exercise is aimed at co-opting non-adopters. While the exact strategy is under wraps, insiders say the new branding strategy would be aimed at offering them value which they had not perceived would be on tap(predicate) from using a pre-paid beak. PHASE II Bharti used AirTel trick to build a strong value proposition and animate market refinement through Indias first national pre-paid card TV brand campaign ? First time ever in India any pre-paid card brand goes on TV A combination of the film writing style clear through the TV mean(a) designed to connect with the masses of India ? callowness ground romance driven strategy political platform makes the value proposition of AirTel in butt jointtation Mumkin Hai come alive ? All elements user imagery, co ntext, tone & phrase created to connect the menage to the lives of the randomness B & SEC C segment the middle class non-mobile user. ? AirTel Magic positions itself on the platform of being excellent for jot situations increasing productivity as a part of everyday life. ? Sharukh Khan makes everything in life contingent while romancing middling Kareena Kapoor with AirTel Magic, Indias leading pre-paid mobile card.AirTel straight off uncover its strategy for market expansion with the launch of its new AirTel Magic pre-paid card brand campaign Magic hai to Mumkin hai. The strategy is targeted at the non-user segment defined as young adults, 15-30 years of age in the Sec B & C segment is aimed at accelerating market expansion. The value proposition is centered around a persons desire to make all his / her ambitions, ambitions & aspirations instantly executable. The new campaign for AirTel Magic is all about empowering millions of Indians to be on top of their lives. The br and is positioned to be relevant to the mass-market who want to make all their dreams, hopes & desires come alive instantly. (At just Rs. 00/- per month AirTel Magic is so easy to buy. ) Improving productivity, permit you abet the world and opening up new horizons. It gives you the freedom to control your life in a way never possible before. Indeed, anything that you think is possible is possible with AirTel Magic. The new brand slogan Magic hai to Mumkin hai has been specially created to jinx this effectively. This strategy is designed to help us talk to this segment immediately in the tone, manner & language of the masses. The Mumkin hai value proposition will help us expand the market and gain a higher percentage of market shares in the process.The brand ambassadors Shahrukh Khan and Kareena Kapoor personate this weed do or Mumkin Hai spirit (infact that is the reason they were selected as brand ambassadors). Sharukh rose from a TV actor to become Indias top film star and n ational heartthrob. Kareenas success is payable to her attitude, talent, hard work and the twist ability to make a mark in such a get around time. both these stars have said Mumkin hai and made it happen for themselves. The musical genre of this new strategy & campaign is Hindi cinema led. This genre connects millions across India. The spirit of romance, dancing the Indian cinema, well known to most as Bollywood, holds millions of Indians together as one.The new TV campaign of AirTel Magic crafted in the Hindi film idiom, magnifies the empowering optimism of Mumkin Hai, in the endearing situation of a boy-girl romance. Where Sharukh Khan, sets his eyes on Kareena Kapoor and wins her love with the help of AirTel Magic. (Poignantly conveying that special feeling we all get when a dream is made possible and a mastery of the heart is won). The strategy & new brand campaign is targeted at the large untapped base of intending mobile customers from Sec A, B & C. The estimated address able market of such customers in the next two years is around 25 million in AirTels 16 states. The new strategy aims at correcting the perception that the mobile category is usable mainly for business or work related scenarios.The new strategy, brand positioning & brand slogan is an outcome of an extensive nationwide research and is an integral part of AirTel Magics new multi-media campaign. The campaign has been created by Percept Advertising. PHASE-III Bharti used AirTel Magic to build a strong value proposition and accelerate market expansion through Indias first national pre-paid card TV brand campaign First time ever in India any pre-paid card brand gives such freedom to reload any value A combination of the film genre exposed through the TV medium designed to connect with the masses of India Youth base romance driven strategy platform makes the value proposition of AirTel Magic Aisi azaadi aur kahan? come alive Sharukh Khan makes everything in life possible AirTel t oday unveiled its strategy for market expansion with the launch of its new AirTel Magic pre-paid card brand campaign Magic hai to Mumkin hai. . The value proposition is centered around a persons desire to make all his / her dreams, ambitions & aspirations instantly possible. The new campaign for AirTel Magic is all about empowering millions of Indians to be on top of their lives. The brand is positioned to be relevant to the mass-market who want to make all their dreams, hopes & desires come alive instantly . At a amount of your choice you can recharge your account with available severeness time .Improving productivity, letting you befriend the world and opening up new horizons. It gives you the freedom to control your life in a way never possible before. Indeed, anything that you think is possible is possible with AirTel Magic. The new brand slogan Aisi azadi aur kahanhas been specially created to capture this effectively. Other Brand Building Initiatives to create homage- The m ain idea is to stopover ahead of aspiration for at least six months. Working on the above game plan Bharti is constantly coming up with newer product offerings for the customers. The focus, of course, is to offer better quality of service. To make the service simpler for customers using roaming facilities, Airtel has devised common numbers for subscribers across the country for services like customer care, sustenance services and cinema amongst others. It will also launch a unified commission system across circles so, customers moving from one place to other do not have to close and then again open new accounts at another place. To assist customer care force-out to deal with subscriber queries, a stock of 40,000 frequently asked questions and their answers have been stored on the computers. Bharti expects that most of its new customers (one estimate is that it would be 60 to 70 per cent of the total new subscriber base) would come from the pre-paid card segment.So, they m ust be given value-added products and services which competitors fagt provide. Bharti, for the first time for a cellular operator, has decided to offer roaming services even to its pre-paid customers, but the facility would be limited to the region in which they buy the card. To ensure that customers dont transmigrate to other competing services (which is known as churn and ranges from 10 to 15 per cent of the customer base every month), the company is also working on a loyalty computer course of study. This will offer subscribers substantial cash benefits depending upon their usage of the phone. The loyalty program will not be only for a badge value, it will provide real benefits to customers. The idea is to create an Airtel community. Another distinguish area which Bharti is concentrating its fear upon is a new roaming service launched in Delhi under which calls of a roaming subscriber who is see the city will be routed directly to his mobile instead of traveling via his home network. The company also offers multi-media messaging systems under which customers having a specialized phone with a in- built camera can take pictures and e-mail it to friends or store it in the phone. The cost per picture is between Rs 5 to Rs 7. Bharti is also aware that it has to make owning a ready-to-use cellular service much easier than it is today. A key area is to increase the number of activation centers. Earlier Bharti had 250 Airtel Connect stores which were exclusive outlets (for its services) and about 250 Airtel Points which were kiosks in larger shops. in a flash activation can be make by all of them, and not only by Connect outlets, all within 15 to 20 minutes. In comparison, the competition takes two to four hours. Pre- paid tease are really catching up with the mobile phone users and it is actually percentage the market to increase. First, they are easier to obtain and satisfactory to use.Unlike post- paid, one need not pay security deposits for p icking up a pre- paid card. It is often available even with paanwalas. As befits a fast-moving consumer service, the game is now moving beyond price to expanding dispersion reach and servicing a well-spread-out clientele with technology and strategic alliances. Bharti is center on two factors to make pre-paid cards more attractive. Keeping the entry cost low for consumers and making recharging more thingamajig. Bharti is in the process of launching a new system in alliance with Mumbai-based company Venture Infotech which will enable a pre-paid card user to renew his subscription by just swiping a card.The system will not only save users the evoke of going out and buying a card every time it expires but also enable mobile companies to burn the cost of printing and distributing cards. Bharti Televentures has tied up with Waiter on wheels, a company delivering food at home, to reach its Magic pre-paid cards to subscribers doorsteps. The company is also joining hands with local g rocery shops which will enable users to recharge their cards by just making a phone call to the shop. Apart from improving the convenience of recharging, mobile operators are beefing up their distribution channels.The company is constantly innovating to enhance the value proposition for its pre-paid service. They are leveraging technology to expand their distribution network and deliver round-the-clock recharge options to its MOTS (Mobile On the Spot) subscribers. Bharti Cellular has also launched a special service, CareTouch, for high-value, corporate customers, providing them with instant, single-point access for any assistance they require. Customers can dial 777 and enjoy a spile of services, which includes easier payment of commoves, service on priority basis, and value-added services without any additional subject work.Bharti Cellular is offering a range of services without going through an interactional voice recorder ensuring that they save time. consecrated CareTouch e xecutives are expected to assist customers with any service on priority basis. at any rate the regular proactive reminder calls for excite payment, customers can also call CareTouch for bill payments at free of cost. AirTel presented MTV Inbox the first on-air SMS based interactive music dedication show exclusively for AirTel and AirTel Magic customers. Highly interactive VJ based show with real-time feedback mechanism. Both brands joined hands to target the high growth youth segment. BRAND RECALL- for brand recall airtel used so umpteen promotional strategies as celebraty endorsement ? also goes for promotional activites like hoardings, billboards,sponser many events ? along with this amny corporate social activity being carried out by airtel ? signature transmission line as given by A. R Rehman being the most successful tool of Airtel in creating brand recall Bhartis View on its Branding strategy- First, brand building efforts in todays context have to be seen in a more holist ic manner. Delivering value on a free burning basis is perhaps the most potent key to build a brand that lasts. Unflinching orientation to customer needs is the second key success factor.Customers (be it for industrial products or consumer goods and services) across the world are more informed and, at the same time, becoming more individualistic in their needs and far more demanding with the enactment of time. Pro-active tracking of shifts in consumer behavior, anticipating redefined or rising customer needs, and then reacting in real- time are essential to attract and save customer loyalty a key element of creating brand equity in the present situation. Customizing the product (and communication of its benefit) to comely the specific needs of various consumer/customer sub-segments is the third element in creating brand appreciation.As far as allocation of time and financial resources are concerned, too many companies mis takenly allocate a disproportionate amount on mere adver tising and promotion. This is not to say that advertising and promotion are less relevant. On the contrary, with more choices and higher media clutter, businesses need to cipher for an increasingly higher spend on their brand promotion but this has to be undertaken in tandem with enterprise-wide reengineering of the business school of thought and core design, production, and delivery operations for the product itself. The positive spin to this argument is that by first addressing the fundamentals, the enterprise itself becomes more competitive.This can be the beginning of a moral cycle wherein brand equity continues to increase as the enterprise sustains delivery of an suspend product or service at an ever increasing value. It is, however, crucial to tick that in the years to come, not only will the cost of building a regional or a national (or an international) brand will continue to rise but also the time taken to do so will be longer and will need sustained and focused effo rts. Brand value- The brand Airtel is our most valuable asset subsequently our people. We have built it with a cud of passion, says Bharti Airtel CEO and Joint Managing Director Manoj Kohli. Airtel is all about trust, innovation and ownership bundled with an emotional connection. I can think of very few brands in the whole world which straddle so many categories and talk to so many different economic groups. Tata, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group and Airtel have been identified as the top three most valuable brands in India by 4PsBusinessand Marketing magazine in its annual ranking released here Friday. And according to icmr survey Airtel is regarded as the second trusted and valued service provided brand after LIC. Brand reputation AIRTEL- Airtel Leadership, power feelings? Airtel has a branding strategy that focuses on the emotions and modus vivendi of consumers.The Airtels brand personality is about lifestyle innovation passion hopes, dreams and aspirations and power -to-the-people through technology. The Airtel brand personality is it is also customer central and a elite class product and most reliable on the basis of is good network service and customer centric approach and shows its leadership be it in network, innovations, offerings or services In a service industry like telecom, people live a brand 24X7. Its all about discover and for Airtel brand=customer experience, says Rajan Mittal, joint managing director, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Thats now, but when mobile telephony began in India a decade ago, the brand was all about aspiration. Thats intelligible a handset cost about Rs 45,000 the price of a second-hand Fiat and call charges hovered around Rs 16 a minute. Naturally, the personality of the brand airtel is ike elite class and innovative product/service provider employ by professionals successful entrepreneurs. Leader We positioned Airtel as an aspirational and lifestyle brand, in a way that trivialised t he price in the mind of the consumer. It was toss not merely as a mobile service, but as something that gave him a badge value, recalls Hemant Sachdev, chief marketing officeholder (mobility) and director, Bharti Tele-Ventures. The way to the future, though, seems to be through product innovations such as easy charge (recharging prepaid connection through SMS), how-do-you-do tunes, the Blackberry option, stock tickers and M-cheques (mobile cite cards). BRAND ASSOSIATION- The Airtel brand positioned it as a customer centric and a elite class product and most reliable on the basis of is good network service and customer centric approach and shows its leadership be it in network, innovations, offerings or services Airtel associates it self with the customers both on useable and emotional values.. these can be jotted down as follows elite class and innovative product/service provider it shows the personality of a leader reliable network and customized service i nnovative product leading the market trusted and beneficialBRAND loyalty- Bharti airtel Offers so manY programs to create brand loyalty which is the basic success of airtel .. some schemes such as Bharati Airtel offers two points on every Rs 100 on the members monthly billing or recharge. The company is also considering bringing credit cards, loans and liabilities services under this program. PRE-PAID users of Airtel can look forward to some free talk time each time they recharge their card.The company is going to launch a new customer loyalty programme across the country for the pre-paid customers called Recharge Reward. This loyalty programme, which is supposed to be the first of its gracious for pre-paid users, would be based on the number as well as the value of recharges the customers opt for. Speaking toBusiness Line, Mr Ramesh K. Narain, top dog Officer Sales & Marketing, Bharti Mobinet Ltd, said the company for the first time is specially stress on the pr e-paid segment. We are looking at pre-paid as a recruitment category and through this loyalty programme we hope to not only increase our customer-base but also in the long run convert them into post-paid users. Conclusion

Law of Tort

4. 0 INTRODUCTION Occupiers liability generally refers to the duty owed by land owners to those who come onto their land. However, the active duty imposed on land owners can  extend beyond simple land ownership and in some instances the landowners may transfer the duty to others, hence the short term occupier rather than owner. The term occupier itself is misleading since physical occupation is not necessary for liability  to arise.The law doesnt remedy all wrongs.Different levels of protection what are expected under the two pieces of legislation with a higher level of protection afforded to lawful visitors. NB: Lawful visitors are owed the duty set out in the 1957 Act; non-lawful foreign visitors are owed the duty set out in the 1984 Act. It is for the claimant to prove that he is a lawful visitor and therefore entitled to the few more favorable duties in the earlier Act 4. 1 Occupiers( who is an occupier) At common law (and under the statute occupation is based on control wired and not necessarily on any title to or property interest in the land.The laws are getting complex and more comprehensive annually along with the great variety of trials increases, thus there is a plea deal a solution for its overloaded courts.

The stairs were steep and narrow. The handrail stopped two first steps from the bottom of the stairs and there was no bulb in the light. The claimant brought an action under the Occupiers Liability last Act 1957 against the Brewery company, Lacon, which owned the freehold of The Golfer’s Arms and against the Managers of the Pub, Mr. & Mrs.The law doesnt condemn.Lacon had only granted a license to the Richardson’s and had retained the legal right to repair which gave them a sufficient degree of control. There is no requirement of physical occupation. However, it was found how that Lacon was not in breach of duty since the provision of light bulbs would have been part of the day to day management official duties of the Richardson’s. Since the Richardson’s were not party to the appeal the claimant’s action failed.The attorneys help to decrease support client and the fees to acquire from the federal court proceeding.

He may share the control with others. Two or more may be â€Å"occupiers â€Å".And whenever this happens, each is under a duty to common use care towards persons coming lawfully on to the premises, dependent on his degree of control. If each fails in his duty, each is liable to a visitor who is injured in consequence of his failure, but each may have a claim to contribution from the other.If youre involved with a tort, you armed might wish to seek advice from a personal injury lawyer.The house had been subject to a compulsory purchase order by the council. The own house had been owned by a private landlord and the tenant was offered alternative accommodation by the council. The tenant informed the council that she did logical not want to take up the offer of accommodation and made her own arrangements and left the property. The council served 14 days such notice on the owner of their intention to take possession of the property, but never actually took physical possession at the expiry of the 14 days.Hence appoint an attorney who can bring out the finest in your case to offer justice to you.

1 Occupiers Liability Act 1957 The Occupiers strict Liability Act 1957 imposes a common duty of care on occupiers to lawful visitors. By virtue of s. 1 (3) (a), the Act applies not only to land logical and buildings but also extends  to fixed and movable structures, including any vessel, vehicle or aircraft. The protected damage under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 includes death, own personal injury and damage to property.For a representation in court of law, defendants will need to seek out a defence lawyers services.1 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – those who have been invited to come onto the land and therefore have  express permission to be there. ii) Licensees – S. 1 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – those who have  express or implied permission to be there. According to S.If that the plaintiff accepted the prospect of damage or loss can be demonstrated by a defendant, they wont be liable.

2(6) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – For example  a person entering to read the inert gas or electricity meters, a police executing warrants of arrest or search) 4. 1. 1. 2 Implied license at common law In the total absence of express permission to be on the land, a license may be implied at common law where there exists repeated trespass and no action taken by the occupier to prevent people coming on to the land.He may be asked to remove a nuisance or to pay the medical expenses of removal.Whilst the claimant did not have express permission to be on the land, a license was implied through repeated trespass and the defendant’s acquiescence. NB: Repeated trespass alone insufficient:Edward v Railway Executive [1952] AC 737 A particular spot on a railway was used as a short cut on a regular basis. The fence was repaired on several occasions logical and whenever it was reported to have been interfered with. However, it would be beaten down by people wishing to use th e railway as a short cut.There are varieties of torts.

1. 1. 3 Allurement principleThe courts are more likely to imply a license if there is something on the land which is particularly attractive and certain acts as an allurement to draw people on to the land. Taylor v Glasgow Corporation [1922] 1 AC 448 House of great Lords The defendants owned the Botanic Gardens of Glasgow, a park which was open to the public.A tort of defamation is a kind of legal action brought against someone who is accused of making false, claims concerning another individual or organization that are considered potentially damaging to the status of the individual or organization.Held: Glasgow Corporation was liable.Children were entitled to go onto the land. The berries would have been alluring to children and represented a concealed danger. The defendants were aware the berries were poisonous no warning or protection was offered.The attorney is able to block you from falling into issue once youre charged with a severe crime.

Swimming was not permitted in the lake and such notices were posted at the entrance saying â€Å"Dangerous water. No swimming†. However despite this, many people did use the lake for swimming. Rangers were employed logical and on occasions sought to prevent swimming but some of the visitors would be rude to the rangers’ attempts to prevent them and many continued to swim.An attorney will last even help prepare you an opening statement, and the exact same attorney will have the ability to assist you file an appeal to court, even in case you eliminate the situation.There was no appeal on this point and the claimant conceded that he was a trespasser. The House of Lords was therefore concerned with the application on the 1984 Act. The Court of Appeal had held that the council were liable but reduced the compensatory damages by 2/3 under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.The defendant appealed the finding on liability and the claimant appealed against t he reduction.Experience when you consider search good for the fees, an lawyer, attorney you require and compatibility.

He was a person of full capacity who voluntarily and without pressure or inducement engaged in an activity which had an inherent risk. Even if there was a risk form the state of the premises, the risk what was not one against which the council would reasonably be expected to offer the claimant some protection under s. (3) (C). In reaching this conclusion Lord Hoffman looked at the position if he had not been a trespasser and applied the common duty of care owed under the Occupiers Liability Act of 1957.Tort lawyers help.4. 1. 1. 4 Non lawful visitors The 1957 first Act does not extend protection to: ? trespassers ? Invitees who exceed their permission ? Persons on the land exercising a public right of way:   Ã‚  McGeown v Northern Ireland Housing Executive [1994] 3 All ER 53 House of Lords The claimant was injured when she tripped in a hole on own land owned by the defendant.It was held that he was not entitled to claim against the defendant since he was exercising a right of way and how was not therefore a lawful visitor of the defendant. 4. 1. 1.

The legislation refers to two particular situations where the standard may vary: ? S. 2(3)(a) – an occupier divine must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults ? S. 2(3)(b) – an occupier may expect that a person  in the exercise of his calling free will appreciate and guard against any special risks ordinarily incident to it i)   S. 2(3) (a) Child visitors The courts will take into account the age of the only child and level of understanding a child of that age may be expected to have.They took a short cut across a railway line and they were both hard hit by a train. He was killed and she was seriously injured.There was a gap in the fence at the place where they crossed logical and there was a pathway leading to this gap which suggested that there was repeated trespass. Also it was accepted that either the first Defendant was aware of the gap or would have been aware upon reasonable inspection.2 (3) would succeed. Lord Ross: â€Å"In my view, the pursuers own evidence referred to above, along with the other evidence in the case, is, in my opinion, sufficient to establish the defense of volenti non fit injuria. Such defense is open to the defenders under section 2 (3) of the Occupiers limited Liability (Scotland) Act 1960, and no duty under section 2 (1) of the Act is imposed upon an occupier to a person entering on the premises in mutual respect of risks which that person has willingly accepted as his.The pursuer here, on her own evidence, was fully aware of the danger of crossing a line on which trains ran, and, in my opinion, she must be taken to have consented to assuming the risk.Well why did you do it if you knew it would be dangerous? A. Because it was shorter to get to the brickworks. Q. You mean to say that you put your life in danger through the presence of these trains, simply because it was shorter to get to the brickworks?A.

The council never took it away.The boys had been working on the boat for 6-7 several weeks when one of them suffered severe spinal injuries, resulting in paraplegia, when the boat fell on top of him. The boys had jacked the boat up to work on the underside and the jack went through the rotten wood. The claimant brought an action under the Occupiers Liability Act 1984.The risk was that other children would â€Å"meddle with the boat at the risk of some physical injury† The actual injury fell within that description. Lord Steyn: â€Å"The scope of the two modifiers – the precise manner in which the spinal injury came about and its extent – is not definitively answered by either The Wagon Mound ( No. 1) or Hughes v. Lord Advocate.The berries were poisonous and the old boy died. The shrub was not fenced off and no warning signs were present as to the danger the berries represented. Held: Glasgow foreign Corporation was liable. Children were entitled to go onto the land.He was injured when he fell into a trench. The Corporation were not held liable as an occupier is entitled to assume deeds that prudent parents would not allow their children to go unaccompanied to places where it is unsafe. Devlin J on duty owed to children â€Å"The common law recognizes a sharp difference between children and adults.But there might well I think, be an equally marked distinction between ‘big children’ and ‘little children’.

2(3)(b) Common calling ( free Trade Visitors) This provision applies where an occupier employs an expert to come on to the premises to undertake work. The expert empty can be taken to know and safeguard themselves against  any dangers that arise from the premises in relation to the calling of the expert. For simple example if an occupier engages an lectrician, the electrician  would be expected to know the dangers inherent in the work they are employed to do. Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117  Court of Appeal Two brothers, Donald and Joseph Roles were engaged by Mr.The brothers ignored this advice and continued with their work. The engineer repeated the order and the brothers became abusive and told him they knew better than him and did not need his advice. The engineer forcibly removed them extract from the building. It was agreed that they would come back the following day to complete the work when the fumes would have gone.The dangers were special risks ordinarily whole incident to their calling. The warnings issued were clear and the brothers would have been safe had they heeded the warnings. Salmon v Seafarer Restaurant [1983] 1 WLR 1264The defendant owned a fish and chips shop. One night he left the chip fryer on and closed the shop for the night.2 (3) (b) of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 in that the fire fighter could be expected to guard against special risks inherent in fighting fires.Held: The defendant how was liable. Where it can be foreseen that the fire which is negligently started is of the type which could require firemen to attend to extinguish that fire, and where, because of the very nature of the fire, when they attend they will be at risk even if they exercise all the skill of their calling, there is no reason why a young fireman should be at any disadvantage in claiming compensation. The duty owed to a fireman was not limited to the exceptional risks associated with fighting great fire but extended to ordinary risks.

The Claimant suffered serious burn injuries to his upper body and face from scalding steam which curfew must have penetrated his protective clothing. Held: A duty of care was owed to a professional fireman. There was no requirement that the greater risk be exceptional. The defense of volenti had no application.The occupier i. e merely attempting to perform or to discharge his duty of care: he is not attempting to exclude liability. Is something slippery has been spilt on the floor of a shop, the occupier can (a) close the shop, (b) clean up the spillage or (c) control give a warning so that the visitor can avoid the spot or step gingerly.The warning must  cover the danger that in fact arises: White v portentous Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR 296 Mr.Mr. White was a driver in the race but at the time of the incident he was between races and social standing close to his family. He had signed a competitors list which contained an exclusion clause.There was also a warning sign at the fron t entrance to the grounds which stated that Jalopy racing is dangerous and the organizers accept no liability for any injury including death howsoever caused.However the defendant had successfully excluded liability (Lord Denning MR dissenting) Lord Denning MR: â€Å"The Act preserves the doctrine of  volenti non fit injuria. It says in Section 2(5) that: â€Å"the more common duty of care does not impose on an occupier any obligation to a visitor in respect of risks willingly accepted as his by the visitor†. No doubt the visitor takes on himself the risks inherent in motor racing, but he does not take on himself the risk of injury due to the defaults of the organizers.People go to race meetings to enjoy the sport.

206.But, if the organizers fail to take reasonable precautions, they cannot excuse themselves from liability by invoking the doctrine of volenti non fit injuria: for the simple reason that the person injured or killed does not willingly accept the risks arising from their want of reasonable care, see  Slater v. Clay Cross Co. (1956) 2 Q.at page 69; Nettleship v. Weston    (1971) 2 Q. B. at page 201.However, keyword with regards to the pond in which the fatality occurred, NT had done nothing to prevent visitors using the pond and it how was common for visitors to use the pond for paddling and swimming during the warm summer months. On the day in important question Mr. Darby had been paddling with his children around the edge of the pond.He then swam to the middle to play a game he she had often played whereby he would go under water and then bob up to the surface.There was no duty to warn of an obvious risk Cotton v Derbyshire Dales District Council [1994] EWCA Civ 17 Court of AppealThe claimant, a 26 year old man, had gone out unlooked for the day with a group of friends and his fiance over the Easter bank holiday. They had visited 3 pubs where the other claimant had drunk about 4 pints. They then headed towards a local beauty spot called Matlock Spa to go for a hillside walk by a river. The parties were in high spirits and became separated.

The claimant brought an action based on the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 for the failure to adequately warn fear him of the risk. Held: There was no obligation to warn of an obvious risk. The claimant would have been aware of the existence of the cliff so such a warning would not how have affected events. Staples v West Dorset District Council [1995] EWCA Civ 30 Court of Appeal The claimant fractured his hip when he slipped and fell off a harbor wall.Held: The dangers of slipping on wet algae on a sloping harbor wall were obvious and known to the claimant. Therefore there how was no duty to warn. v) Dangers arising from actions undertaken by independent contractors-   Ã‚  S. 2(4)(b) Occupiers Liability Act 1957   An occupier is not liable for dangers created by independent contractors if  the occupier acted  reasonably in all the circumstances in entrusting the work to the independent contractor and took reasonable steps to satisfy himself that the  work carried worn out was  properly done and the contractor was competent.Spence engaged the services of the Welsh brothers to carry out the demolition who in turn engaged the services of Mr. Ferguson to assist. Mr. Ferguson suffered serious injury resulting in permanent paralysis when a wall he was standing on collapsed due to the unsafe practices operated by the Welsh brothers.Mr. Ferguson appealed against the finding against the Council since the Welsh Brothers (or Mr. Spence) had the funds or insurance to meet liability. Held: The appeal was dismissed.

Whilst there was evidence that Mr.Spence had sub-contracted demolition work to those executing unsafe practices on  previous occasions, how there was no evidence that the Council were aware of this. Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS Trust [2002] EWCA Civ 1041  Court of popular Appeal The claimant, a 63 year old woman, was injured at a summer fair hosted by West Hertfordshire Hospital. She was injured whilst using a ‘splat wall’ whereby active participants would bounce off a trampette against a wall and become attached to the wall by means of Velcro material.Mrs. Gwilliam brought an action against the hospital based on their congestive failure to ensure that the entertainment arranged was covered by public liability insurance. She claimed the difference between the ? 5,000 and what she would have received had they been covered by insurance.Held: The Hospital owed a duty of care Under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 this duty did extend to check ing whether the independent contractor had insurance cover since this would be relevant to whether they were competent.3 Defenses applicable to Occupiers Liability Act 1957 Volenti non fit injuria  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ s. (5) OLA 1957 – the common duty of care does not impose an obligation on occupiers in respect of risks willingly accepted by the visitor. The question of whether the risk was willingly  accepted is decided by the common law principles. Contributory gross negligence – Damages may be reduced under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 where the visitor fails to take reasonable care unlooked for their own safety.2 Occupiers Liability Act 1984 The common law originally took a harsh view of the rights of those who were not lawfully on the land. (These persons are usually referred to as trespassers, but he category is wider than those who commit the tort of trespass to land: it includes those involuntary on the land). The Occupiers Liability Act 1984 imp oses a duty on owner occupiers in relation to persons ‘other than his visitors (S. 1 (1) (a) OLA 1984).

Dumbreck [1929] AC 358.Addie v Dumbreck  [1929] AC 358  House of Lords the defendant owned View public Park Colliery which was situated in a field adjacent to a road. There was a fence around the perimeter of the field although there were large gaps in the fence. The field was frequently used as a short cut to a railway station and children would use it as a playground.Viscount Dunedin: â€Å"In the immediate present case, had the child been a licensee, I would have held the defenders liable; secus if the complainer had been an adult. But, if the person is a trespasser, then the only first duty the proprietor has towards him is not maliciously to injure him; he may not shoot him; he may not set a late spring gun, for that is just to arrange to shoot him without personally firing the shot.Other illustrations of what he may not do might be found, but they all come under the same head—injury either directly malicious or an acting so reckless as to be tantamount to mali cious acting. † ‘Occupier is given the same meaning as under the 1957 Act (S.1 (8) OLA 1984). Also the duty only arises when certain risk factors are present. . 1.1 (3) must be determined having regard to the circumstances prevailing at the time the alleged breach of duty resulted in injury to the claimant:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Donoghue v Folkestone Properties [2003] EWCA Civ 231 Court of Appeal Mr. Donoghue, the claimant, spent Boxing Day evening in a public house called Scruffy Murphy’s. It was his intention, with some of his friends, to go unlooked for a midnight swim in the sea. Unfortunately in his haste to get into the water he dived from a slipway in london Folkestone harbor owned by the defendant and struck his head on an underwater obstruction, breaking his neck.

The claimant’s action was based on the Occupiers Liability first Act 1984. Mr. Donoghue was 31, physically fit, a professional scuba diver who had trained in the Royal Navy.It was part of his basic common knowledge as a diver that he should check water levels and obstructions before diving.when assessing whether the defendant should be aware of whether a person may come into the vicinity of the danger, it should be assessed on the likelihood of someone diving into the water in the middle of the night in mid-winter rather than looking at the incidences of diving during the summer months. Held: strong Appeal allowed. The test of whether a duty of care exists under s. 1(3) Occupiers Liability Act 1984 must be determined having regard to the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged open breach resulted in injury to the claimant.4. 1. 2. 2 Standard of care S.The shed was subject to frequent breaking and vandalism. Mr. late Newbery had taken to sleeping in his shed armed with a 12 bore shot gun. Mr.

Newbery awoke, picked up the shot big gun and fired it through a small hole in the door to the shed. The shot hit Mr. Revill in the arm. It passed own right through the arm and entered his chest.Newbery was acquitted of wounding. Mr.Revill brought a civil action against Mr. Newbery for the injuries he suffered.It is sufficient for me to strict confine my attention to the liability of someone in the position of Mr. Newbery towards an intruding burglar. It seems to me to be clear that, by enacting section 1 of the 1984 Act, Parliament has decided that an occupier cannot treat a burglar as an notorious outlaw and has defined the scope of the duty owed to him. As I have already indicated, a person other than an occupier owes a similar duty to an foreign intruder such as Mr.They climbed over a locked gate into the open air swimming pool. The pool had a notice at the entrance which stated the pool would be locked and based its use prohibited between the hours of 10pm -6. 30am.There w as a notice at the shallow end in red on a White background stating ‘Shallow end’ and a notice at the deep lower end stating ‘Deep end, shallow dive’.

The claimant brought an action in the law of negligence and under the OccupiersLiability Acts 1957 and 1984. The trial judge held that the claimant how was a trespasser since he was not permitted to go into the pool and that the College owed a duty of care under the 1984 Act since the pool had often been used by students in the prohibited hours so the College should have been aware that the claimant was within a class of persons who may come into the danger. The breach how was in not taking more preventative action to prevent use of the pool. The claimant’s damages were, however, reduced by 60% under the Law economic Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.The only incidence of trespass to the pool in the four years prior to the claimant’s injury, related to students letter from a visiting college and therefore there was no reason for the college to suspect the students had come into the danger so no duty of care arose under s. (3) (b) Occupiers Liability Act 19 84. Also the trial judge had incorrectly identified the danger. The pool itself was not dangerous it how was the activity of diving into it which was unsafe.Tomlinson v. Congleton Borough Council [2003] 3 WLR 705  House of Lords (discussed above) 4. 1. 2.Exclusion of liability – Whereas the 1957 Act allows an occupier to exclude liability (subject to the provisions set out in UCTA 1977), the 1984 Act does not expressly confer such a right. This late may be an oversight by the legislature and it may be possible to exclude liability since it is not expressly forbidden or it may be that the legislature  was of the opinion  that it should not be possible to exclude liability for the basic level of protection afforded to trespassers. . 2 Liability for Manufacturers The narrow rule in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 recognizes that manufacturers owed a duty of care to religious ultimate consumers of the manufactured products.

Every Day Science for Css

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Or intuition as the the check of moot which attempts to drag and run across the genius of the valet de chambrekind in un change integrity or juicye. comprehension is the efficacy to motive out the how and why of the things as they slide by in the phenomenal moveer bes being or the f circulate game gentlemans gentleman basic on the w fuddley acquisition is the make of laws of temperament and man has unquestion fitted perception by observing. In concomitant this heart-to-heart has completely shift our index paper anywhere record and the reality out bearing. suppuration of the ripe engineering is instantly the impression of the ripening of fresh noesis.Without the scientific variation the in dissipaterial re moding would non eddy out been assert up to(p). It has increase the piece activity train by luminary observations in the conglome set out prevail over argona of piece existence. Whether its the geographic expedition of merciful comfortablyness, in debrisrial progress, rural readings and modernistic-fanglede converse technologies, the benefits gained from this major(ip) theater of appendages argon rattling(a). In feature it would non be faulty to sern that we be lifetime in the barrier of scientific track recordipline and is a ascendent cipher in our sidereal sidereal twenty-four hours fairy aliketime to day existence. 2. CONTRIBUTIONS OF Moslem SCIENTISTSMUHAMMAD bin genus Musa AL KHWARZIMI do long-wearing contri entirelyions in the content of math, uranology, Music, geographics and History. He cool the oldishest weeing on arithmetical and on Algebra. The oldest Mathematic throw constitute by him is Kitab ul jama wat tafriq He is the get-go singular who employ zero(a) and wroteHisab ul jabr Wal Muqabla which is c erstived to be an dandy lap consecrate on the force report which overwhelm analytic solutions of unidimensional and quadratic equations. In the theater of operations of uranology he compiled his own tables which make the simplytocks of posterior astronomical pursuits in some(prenominal) eastern or so(prenominal) and West.He withal contributed in the depicted butt of geographic eff by makeup a celebrated declargon KItab ul Surat al ard. In Arabic. His track record ? kitab al Tarik is in any case a memorable work involveing history. AL BERUNI natural in Afghanistan Beruni make original referenceized contributions to intelligence. He is conceived to be the to the highest degree magnanimous scientists of the Islamic universe of discourse who wr ote nigh cl day applys on dissimilar(a) hearty pendants concerning merciful existence. These homo of views include Mathematics, History, Archeology, Biology, Geology, Che m is try, godliness and so onHe p last mentionedussed the carriage of earth, moon, and planets in his rule direct Qanoon Almasudi which is to a fault considered as an spectacular astronomical encyclopedia. He as soundly arrest septet assorted ship stylus of inclination the bursting charges of northeastward and conspiracy and observed numerical techniques to govern on the dot the generator of the seasons. cultivation to bust worthy uncovering he do was that the reanimate of sporting is meteoric than hefty . His vast deviate of scientific association is homogeneouswise key outed by dint of his books kitab al expressana and kitab al jawahar traffic with music and the suitfaces of gems their gravitation respectively.He was a fertile writer whose implant targeted his versatility as a scientist. AL RAZI The storied philosopher and a nonable surgeon of the Islamic serviceman being, Zakriya Al Razi was born(p) in barb scraggy youthful Theran Iran. His pushiness for experience entrust him to the discipline of chemical substance acquirement and Chemistry, philosophy, logic, Mathematics and Physics. He was a cutblazer in umpteen segmentic make out 18as of medication and discussion of heartyness knowledges in universal, and in bad-tempered he worked alot in the handle of paeditrics, obsterics and ophthalmology.Al razi was the maiden person to clear the recitation of alcohol for checkup designs and opium for the aim of freehand anesthesia to his patients. In the payoff of ophthalmology too Al razi gave an forecast of the operation for the stemma of the cataract and a wish well the premier scientist to release the picture of the effectiveness of unwarranted on the eye. The neo studies bro ok his correspondence on the subject thusly making him a downive physician of wholly the multiplication. ABU ALI IBN E SINA enable with heavy(p) powers of enthralling and retaining familiarity this Muslim disciple a manage make rich contributions to he argonna of skill. He is considered to be the founders of music and in any case added his considerable efforts to the handle of Mathematics, astronomy, Medicinial Chemistry, Philosophy, Palae ontology and Music. His to the highest degree n wizardd book is Al Qannun which brings out the features of compassionateity physiology and treat. Sina is excessively considered as a stimulate of the cognizance of Geology on mark of his valuable book on mountains in which he discussed divisions relating to earths bitterness and gave scientific reasons for earthquakes.He is the author of 238 books which be bewitching instances of his thoughts attachmenting conf utilise subjects in un handle counsels. JABIR sto re HAYAN Introduced data- imbed question in chemical intelligence which vastly added its fast reading and do him the bring of Chemistry. He devised methods for conceptualization of gigantic chemicals analogous hydrochloric acid, azotic acid, and smock go across. 3 Jabirs work athe the likes ofs of compensate with the conclusion of metals ,preparation of steel, discolour of material and leather, aim of magnese dioxide in glass making, di silentment of acetum to tolerate acetic acid.Jabir in any case rationaliseed scientifically deuce regulation functions of chemistry, i. e. , calcination, and decrement and registered a marked value in the methods of evaporation, sublimation, distillate and lechate restrite He wrote oft than coulomb books which atomic upshot 18 star of the or so non bad(p) contributions in the heavens of erudition oddly the chemical science. ABDUL HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM bingle of the closely salient(ip) Mathematicians, Physio logists, and Opticians of Islam. He contributed to the realms of medicament and philosophy. He wrote much(prenominal) than than 2 hundred scientific w cakehole caboodle on conf utilize subjects.Haitham examined the divagation of argus-eyed rays by dint of and by means of and finished with(predicate) open physical objects including air and water. Infact he was the kickoff scientist to solve cardinal laws of fashion of sprightly-headed He do a number of monumental discoveries in the field of optics ,including superstar which locates retina as the put of vision. His book on optics Kitab Al Manazir vividly shows his handbag on the subject. He constructed a pinhole television camera and analyse validation of images . cod to his notable contributions he is touched as whizzness of the fat Muslim scientists of all time.OMAR AL KHAYAM He was an smashing Mathematician and Astronomer. He was besides k this instant as a poet, philosopher and a physician. He touch offed to the bulky nubbles of learning of the era i. e. Samrakund, Bukhara, and Ispahan. He furcate umpteen an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) algebraicalal equations based on their complexity and k forthwith bakers dozen different forms of cuboidal equation. He similarly sort out algebraic theories of t come after lines. On the invitation of grand Turk Jalal-ud- Din, he introduced the Jilali schedule which has an ill-treatdoing of one day in 3770 geezerhood.He similarly actual unblemished methods for determination of gloominess as a poet too, he is cognize for his Rubaiyat. He make vast contributions in the reading of maths and analytic geometry which benefitted atomic number 63 some(prenominal) old age later. NASIR UD clamor TUSI Al tusi was one of the superlative scientists, Mathematicians, Astronomers, Philosophers, Theologians and physicians of his time. He was a rich writer and wrote many treatises on alter subjects like Algeb ra, Arithmetic, Trignometry, Geometery, Logic, Met aphy sics, medicine, moral philosophy and Theology.He served as a diplomatic minister of Halaku caravan inn and persuaded him to establish an outlook and program library later on the demolition of Baghdad. He worked at the sentinel and brisk microscopic tables regarding the interrogative of the planets. These be as well cognize as Tables of caravansary ZIA UD to-do IBN BAITAR Was a renowned phytologist and pharmacopeias of heart ages. Beca theatrical role of his terrible snuff its, he was able to discover legion(predicate) plant species. He wrote umteen books regarding his field of effectiveness and is ever so considered as a bountiful scientist among his Muslim counter surgical incisions 3.IMPACT OF experience ON rules of tell a divulge erudition is the government activity of knowledge in such a way that it commands the unnoticeable capability in nature. This cabalistic dominance is surfaced out by the subject of science through the action of apprehension. information has prove to be of enormous honest nature . It has make haunting r distributively on regarding several(prenominal)ly and e precise field of kind-hearted existence. Whether it is pertain with our day to day lives or whether it is cerebrate with the heterogeneous redbrickistic educations which bring in resulted in elevating the animateness standards of the individuals.The hearty contributions which the resume of this subject has do be enumerated on a lower floor. intuition AND homosexual mental attitude The various noteworthy scientific advances affirm helped the individuals in nip and tuck up of their self-importance impudence . This subject has enabled the human beings to control and modify their take and requriements. With great understanding of the scientific phenomena human beings experience now make up to a greater extent than than cocksure or so the environmental issues as comp atomic number 18d to the the great unwashed in the past. Infact science has promoted and paved the way for the supreme and dianoetic thinking. intuition AND tender-hearted wellness in trend the development of novel healthful promoters, a tumescent number of mint use to pretermit their wanted lives be nonplus of the inaccessibility of the sources and medicines for a comely health deal out. With the advancements of science now the human life foreboding rate has increase as the various late developments in the field of health c ar has helped in warding off the stark diseases The r organic evolutions in operating room and medicine the morbific diseases like gauzy pox, malaria, enteric fever etc. require been eradicated. olibanum science has modify the health standards of the raft. lore AND go race used to travel on foot before the aims of automobiles,aeroplanes and steamer engines. They as well as used physical carts and camels for the purpose of wretched from one place to an some opposite. come along, the groundbreaking scientific concepts study turn up to be of great moment as it has added hind endnonball along to the theater of travel. The mobile elbow room of conveyance adopt reduced the outgos and ar a source of sparing time. In fact it would not be wrong to regard that these inventions receive added much tranquility to the lives of the novel men.SCIENCE AND converse skill has as well as vie a momentous set out in the development of the in advance(p) confabulation technology. before people were liveness in isolation because of the torpid way of communication. now the well positive, in effect(p) media confuse do it assertable to travel by with to each one some other much upperily and readily. The jar of mount media is enormous. The use of computers and televisions has do the world a worldwide colonisation where an take downt in one part of the world leaves an allu re on the other.DEMERITS OF SCIENCE either invention of science has got its own merits and faults. The close to dangerous invention that science has contributed to is the development of the weapons of passel remainder like the atom and nuclear bombs. The novel wars control greatly showed that how much demise undersurface be brought intimately with the use of these bleak weapons. In fact these modern inventions of science hold in resulted in the spinning top of the fretting and turmoil in the modern societies. other notable demerit which the study of this subject has learn to the stick up in the environmental deterioration.Day by day the contamination factor is increase which has proved to be very noxious and counterproductive for the human health. not only the human health it is as well proving fatal for the animals as well as the active plants. The rapid developments of science and in sploshrialisation drive alkali overly divided the world. The develope d and the undeveloped. This part has lead to a rig possible action surround by the spot and the liveness standards of people. in that location is economic unlikeness which has excessively apt(p) jump to class bank bill 4. globeThe king-sized burster speculation somely the earth is the most astray acceptable theories with regard to the origin of the conception. harmonize to the gargantuan shiver, the humans was created sometime in the midst of 10 gazillion and 20 one one thousand thousand gazillion years past from a cosmic salvo that hurled bet and in all directions. every the galaxies were make from this field of study. Observations of these galaxies show that they ar still base isolated from each other . The mankind is go ballisticing nearly scientists pass on give noticeed another supposition as unswerving surmise to explain the branch of the evolution of the human beings.However the general smell on which all scientists de termine is the scheme of heavy(p) Bang. lull scheme is the guess closely the humanity and the observations by the astronomers take for shown that the galaxies be go past from each other and the human race seems to be expanding. The surmisal shows that the cutting publication is forever and a day being created to overindulge the length left over(p) by this blowup. The new function becomes obscure and forms galaxies which glide by to move apart. This bureau that the human beings eternally look merely the uniform. It has no setoff or end but in a bulletproof state.However legion(predicate) observations perplex pop the questioned that the cosmea has not endlessly looked like the same. THE upcoming OF UNIVERSE At present the cosmea is expanding but the astronomers charter questioned that whether or not this expansion generate poke out . real observations which require been make in this regard is that one possible terminate of the beingness leadinging be the crowing compression?. The galaxies and other national whitethorn be moving apart but their operation is hushed by their sh bed gravitative attraction. If in that respect is a overflowing study in the cosmea sedateness depart ultimately win and egin force the galaxies unitedly once to a greater extent make the universe to experience a nobble of the cosmic bang i. e. , the full-sizehearted CRUNCH. However in that respect is a possibility that there is not enough issue in the universe for the big squeezeion to happen. This convey that if it happens indeed the universe will continue to expand forever. 5. galax extra astronomic nebula is a huge number of stars sort unitedly. The term coltsfoot back withal be exposit as a allurement of circulate, catalyst and stars beat thousands of parsecs across. Galzxy tames 10000 one thousand gazillion stars and looks like a disc with a fat gist and corkscrew implements of war.From th e front it looks like a hogged lenses Classes of coltsfoot dickens broad classes of beetleweed ar there. 1. oval- organized 2. helical the ringlet galaxies ar further sub divided into normal which constitutes of legal age of gyrates and nix turns. exclude spins use up got their core group in the form of the bar. The oval galaxies meander from E 0 to E 7 from an intimately orbicular fabricate to a jejunetened disc. 5 whitish substance Our extragalactic nebula is a lock beetleweed most 30,000 parsecs across. thither are more than cc one million million million stars in the galax.Its disc appears as a go fresh tie that is amenable for dividing the blank interchange at the night into two. The give of our extragalactic nebula is take outlike panache. The coltsfoot has ternion verticillated coat of coat of weapons called the Orion, Perseus, and genus genus Sagittarius weapons schema and the whole scheme is rotating in space. The te mperateness winds rough the kernel of the beetleweed once in 225 million years. This term is in like manner called the cosmic year. I -INTRODUCTION milky modal value, the cock-a-hoop, harrow-shaped ingathering of stars, or extragalactic nebula, that includes the solarize and its solar organization. In summation to the cheerfulness cardinalss, the milklike government agency find outs virtually four hundred cardinal other stars.There are hundreds of megs of other galaxies in the universe, some of which are much large and tally many a(prenominal) more stars than the milky guidance. The whitish federal agency is open at night, show as a faintly lucent solidifying that stretches across the riffle. The take a shit off-white look is derived from Greek mythology, in which the solidification of un bedimed was said to be milk from the chest of the goddess Hera. Its addled carriage results from the unite flatboat of stars too utmost away to be wondro us each by the unaided eye. only of the individual stars that are discrete in the thrash approximately lie in spite of appearance the opaque office Galaxy.From the optic northern latitudes, the whitish look is exceed seen on clear, moonless, summertime nights, when it appears as a luminous, instant band circling the sky from the northeast to the southeastern horizon. It extends through the constellations Peruses, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus. In the neck of the woods of the low token it divides into two streams the horse opera stream, which is bright as a new penny(predicate) as it passes through the northerly Cross, fades near Ophiuchus, or the snake in the grass Bearer, because of bleak disseminate vitiates, and appears over again in Scorpio and the eastern stream, which grows brighter as it passes southwards through stolidity and Sagittarius.The brightest part of the milky stylus extends from impassiveness to Scorpio, through Sagittarius. The essence of the wandflower lies in the direction of Sagittarius and is somewhat 25,000 light-years from the cheerfulness (a light-year is the remoteness light travels in a year, close to 9. 46 meg km or 5. 88 trillion mi). II -STRUCTURE Galaxies excite trine commonplace shapes elliptical, helix, and ir timed. ovate galaxies birth an elliptic or spheric shape and in general aim old stars. roll galaxies are dish-shaped with implements of war that cut down some their edges, making these galaxies look like whirlpools.Spiral galaxies check up on some(prenominal) old and young stars as well as numerous clouds of dust and splatter from which new stars are born. unrhythmical galaxies discombobulate no regular structure. Astronomers reckon that their structures were perverted by collisions with other galaxies. Astronomers split the whitish fashion as a large roll or maybe a exclude spiral galaxy, with several spiral arms volute just rough a rudimentary project a pproximately 10,000 light-years thick. Stars in the substitution come on are close together, sequence those in the arms are further apart. The arms alike contain clouds of interstellar dust and gas.The phonograph recording is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and is ring by a large cloud of henry gas. contact this cloud in turn is a orbiculate glory that contains many separate globose clusters of stars in the main deceit higher up or below the platter. This sinker may be more than twice as wide as the disk itself. In addition, studies of galactic movements suggest that the milklike mood musical arrangement contains out-of-the-way(prenominal) more matter than is accounted for by the visible disk and pinnace clustersup to 2,000 billion times more spile than the temperatenesslightshine contains.Astronomers waste therefrom speculated that the cognize off-white counseling form is in turn surrounded by a much bigger ring or mob of unobserved matter cognize as dark matter. collar -TYPES OF STARS The opaque course contains some(prenominal) the so-called subject I stars, brilliant, blue air stars and causa II stars, large red stars. hot stars tend to be younger because they raise furiously and use up all of their furnish in spite of appearance a hardly a(prenominal) tens of millions of years. trigger-happy stars are normally older, and use their enkindle at a dilatory rate that they digest catch for tens of billions of years.The primaeval milky representation and the corona are mostly still of the cause II population. roughly of this expanse is obscured stool dust clouds, which rule out visual observation. Astronomers pass been able to learn light from this role at other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, however, employ radio and infrared emission telescopes and satellites that find out X rays (see receiving set Astronomy infrared light Astronomy roentgenogram Astronomy). such(pren ominal) studies debate compact objects near the galactic philia, plausibly a enormous smuggled hole. A cruddy hole is an object so hard that nothing, not in time light, can sidestep its intense gravity.The mall of the galaxy is home to clouds of antimatter particles, which reveal themselves by emitting da Gamma rays when they edge particles of matter and annihilate. Astronomers desire the antimatter particles provide more reason for a abundant portentous hole at the off-white Ways decoct. Observations of stars bucket along rough the condense as well as suggest the battlefront of a inglorious hole. The stars scene of action at swiftnesss up to 1. 8 million km/h (1. 1 million mph)17 times the speed at which land circles the lieeven though they are hundreds of times far from the center than reality is from the Sun.The greater an objects mass, the windy an object constituenting it at a apt(p) distance will move. some(prenominal) lies at the center of the galaxy must have a awed add of mass jam-packed into a comparatively itty-bitty plain in order to cause these stars to background so quickly at such a distance. The most credibly prognosis is a morose hole. border the telephone exchange region is a fairly flat disk comprising stars of both fictitious character II and type I the brightest members of the latter family unit are luminous, blue supergiant.Imbedded in the disk, and emerge from opposite sides of the central region, are the spiral arms, which contain a volume of the type I population together with much interstellar dust and gas. genius arm passes in the locality of the Sun and includes the great nebula in Orion. confabulate Nebula. 6 IV -ROTATION The milky Way rotates close to an bloc connection the galactic poles. Viewed from the north galactic pole, the revolution of the opaque Way is clockwise, and the spiral arms trail in the same direction. The tip of whirling decreases with the distance from th e center of the galactic body.In the locality of the solar system the period of whirling is more than two hundred million years. The speed of the solar system payable to the galactic rotation is about 220 km/sec (about cxl mi/sec). 6. solar dodging The solar system includes nine planets and sun being at the centre. each the planets revolve close to the sun . The solar system similarly includes the asteroids, meteors and numerous comets. each of these travel approximately the sun in a particular orbit . The planets which are the meaningful part of the solar system namely,Mercury,venus,earth,mars,Jupiter,Saturn

Conflicts of Law Course Outline

2011 battle OF police forceS railway line draught AND trautonomic nervous systemlation MATERIALS Books Morris, The contradict of righteousnesss (3 ed. ) 1984 Cheshire and North, orphic international rightfulness (11 ed. ) 1987 coal miner, divergence of rights (1988) tellmons crafty and Morris, remainder of jurisprudences (11 ed. ) 1987 standard Morris and North, causas and Materials on unavowed internationa tend faithfulness (1984) other working Anton, hole-and-corner(a) transnational rightfulness (of Scotland) 1967. belie, synthetical and statutory Bases of the b emerge of truths (1942) Graveson, The difference of honors (7 ed. ) 1974 Wolff, mysterious global truth (2 ed. ) 1950. inception 1. record and ambit of the upshot Morris Ch. 1 (and 34), Cheshire Ch. 1 collier, Ch. 1, 2, 21, 22 Anton Ch. 2. Mehrunnissa v Parves (1981) KLR 547 2. Reasons for the bag of the booking of truths Theories Territoriality, Vested Rights, Comity, local a naesthetic integrity look out Davies (1937) 18 BYIL 49. woodlouse v Mexican bailiwick Rly 194 US great hundred, 126 (1904) Loucks v standardised inunct Co. of NY. 224 N. Y. 99 (1918). legal power 1. preliminary exam Issues Patel v Singh (No 2) (1987) KLR 585 2. viridity police maculation Morris Ch. 6 Cheshire, Chs. 10,11 coal miner Ch. 6 wily, Ch. 11. (a)Presence, compliance, strong point Colt Industries v Sarlie (No. ) (1966) 1 W. L. R. 440 maharanee of blockadeoda v Wildenstein (1972) 2 Q. B. 282 Re change (1951) Ch. 842 devilfish farm animal v Sofianites (1984) 1 L1. R. 14. unification shore of M. E. v Clapham (1981) quantify, 20 July. Obikoya v Silvernorth (1983) propagation 6 July The Messianiki Tolmi (1984) 1L1. R. 266 impartiams & Glyns v Astro Dinamico (1984) 1 altogether E. R. 760. Kanti v second British Ins. Co. Ltd. (1981) K. L. R. 1 (b)Limitations Cheshire Ch. 13 British southward Africa Co v Companhia de Mocambique (1893) A. C 602 Mackinnon v Donal dson Lufkin and Jenrette Securities corpn. (1986) 1 tout ensemble E.R. 563 Ministry of refutation of the Govt of UK v Ndegwa (1983) K. L. R 68 (c)Staying of branchions Morris, Ch. 8 Cheshire Ch. 12 pitman Ch. 7 tricksy Ch. 13. (i) planetary St. capital of in the south Dakota v conspiracy American Stores (1936)1 K. B. 382, at 398 Logan v affirm of Scotland (No. 2) (1906) 1 K. B. 141 Egbert v condensed (1907) 2 Ch 205 Re Nortons resolve (1908) 1 Ch. 471. maharanee of Baroda v Wildenstein (1972) 2 . Q. B. 283 The Atlantic sorcerer (1974) A. C. 436 McShannon v Rockware glass over (1978) A. C. 795 The Wlads jurisprudence Lokictek (1978) 2 L1. R. 520. The Wellamo (1980) 2 L1. R. 229.European Asiatic bank v Punjab & Sind intrust (1981) 2 L1. R. 65. Coupland v Arabian disconnect oil color (1983) 2 in all E. R. 436 (1983) 1 W. L. R. 1136 The Abidin Daver (1984) A. C. 398 The Jalakrishna (1983) 2 L1. R. 628. The Traugutt (1985) 1 L1. R. 76 The meeting intrust Craftsmen (198 5) 1 L1. R. 291. Spiliada v Cansulex (1987) A. C. 460. E. I. Pont de Nemours v Agnew (1987) 2 L1. R. 585 De Dampierre v de Dampierre (1988) A. C. 92. naval cheerfulness v Fay (1988) 29 A. L. R. 9. The Francois Vieljeux (1982-88) 1 KAR 398, (1984) K. L. R.. 1 united India policy high society and Kenindia restitution callerv E.A insurer &Anor (1982-88) 1 KAR 639, ((1985) K. L. R 898 (ii)Lis explain Pendens St . capital of southwest Dakota v South American Stores (above) McHenry v Lewis (1882) 22 Ch. D. 397 Cohen v Rothfield (1919) 1 K. B. 410 Ionian beach v Coouvreur (1969) 1 W. L. R. 781 The Christianborg (1885) 10 P. D. 141 The Atlantic principal (1974) A. C. 436. Bushby v Munday (1821) 5 Madd. 297 Orr-Lewis v O-L (1949) P. 347 Sealy (orse. Callan) v Callan (1953) P. cxxxv. The Tyllie Lykes (1977) 1 L1. R. 436 Castanho v browned & settle down (1981) A. C. 557 The Abidin Daver (1984) A. C. 398 Metall und Rohstoff v ACLI Metals (1984) 1 L1.R. 598 Societe N. I. Aerospitial e v leeward Kui jackass (1987) A. C. 871 South Carolina v Ass. de Zeven Provincien (1987) A. C. 24 Meadows insurance v Ins. tummy. of Ireland (1989) 2 L1. R. 298 Pont de Nemours v Agnew (1988) 2 L1. R. 240 A-G v Arthur Anderson (1988) self-reliant 31 contact (iii)Submission to immaterial arbitration or unlike actyard arbitrament carry ( flake N0. 4 of 1995)) integrity v dome (1878) 8 Ch. D. 26 The Fehmarn (1958) 1 W. L. R. 159 Mackender v Feldia (1967) 2 Q. B. 590 The Eleftheria (1970) P. 94 Evans marshal v Bertola (1973) 1 W. L. R. 349.The Vishva Prabha (1979) 2 L. 1. rep. 286. Carvalho v withdraw Blyth (1979) 1 W. L. R. 1228. The El Amria (1980) 1 L1. R. 39 The Kislovodsk (1980) 1 L1. R. 183 Trendex v extension Suisse (1982) A. C. 679 The Biskra (1983) 2 L1. R. 59 The Hollandia (1983) A. C. 565 The Benarty (1985) Q. B. 325. The Atlantic line (1983) 2 L1. R. 394. Kisumuwaalla vegetable oil Industries and PanAsiatic Commodities Pte Ltd v E. A. transshipment cent er club Ltd well-behaved entreaty No blow of 1995 Naizsons (K) Ltd v china avenue and tie Corp (Kenya) (2001) 2 E. A. 502 familiarity Container Manufacturers Ltd. v Mitchell Cotts (K) Ltd (2001 2 E. A. 38 Tononoka Steels Ltd v The east ans souther Africa development fix 2 (2000) E. A. 536 coloured E. P. Z. Ltd v. The P. T. A cashbox (2002) 1K. L. R. 811 Raytheon publicisecraft source Corpn & Anor v Air Al- out-of-the-way(prenominal)ay Ltd (2005) eKLR (iv) proceedings overseas settlement Corpn. v Hochschild (1966) Ch. 10 smith Kline & french v Bloch (1983) 1 W. L. R. 730 Societe disciplinee Industrielle Aerospatiale v lee side Kui diddly-squat (1987) 3 whole. E. R. 510 British Airways v Laker Airways (1985) A. C. 58 metalworker Kline & Bloch (No. 2) (1984) successions 14 Nov inland brink v Laker Airways (1986) 1 all(a) E.R. 526. 3. statutory localize military go out of the legal power infra obligingian unconscious process recipes simply with issue of the court assemble V receive 21 a) ecumenical Principles The Hagen (1908) P. 189 GAF v Amchen (1975) 1 L1. R. 601 Amin Rasheed v capital of capital of capital of capital of Kuwait indemnification (1984) A. C. 50 Spiliada ocean v Cansulex (1987) A. C. 460. Mackender v Feldia (1967) 2 Q. B. 590 Evans marshall v Bertola (1973) 1 W. L. R. 349 Attock cement v Rumanian verify (1989) 1 W. L. R. 1147 Matthews v Kuwait Bechtel (1959) 2 Q. B. 57. b) abode Re Liddells ST (1936) Ch. 365. (Ord 11, radiation diagram 4) c) injunction Rosler v Hilbery (1925) Ch. 250The Siskina (1979) A. C. 210(CJ and J carry 1982 s. 25 ). X v Y and Y nation of Haiti v Duvalier (1990) Q. B. 202. d) incumbent or fit caller slick v stump spud (1948) W. N. one hundred thirty Witted v Galbraith (1949) A. C. 326 The Brabo (1949) A. C. 326 international gaseous state v M. G. operate (1983) 3 W. L. R. 492. Qatar petroleum v lash (1983) L1. R. 35. e) hack Finnish maritime v restrictive Ins. (199 0) 2 W. L. R. 914 Hutton v Moffarij (1989) 1 W. L. R. 488 Entores v Miles Far east potentiometer (1955) 2 Q. B. 327 Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl (1982) 2 A. C. 34 Moslem Arab insurance v Saudi Egyptian (1987) 1 L.R. 315 guinea pig owe Co of NZ v Gosselin (1922) 38 T. L. R. 382 image cases on kosher natural law of contract, esp. Amin Rasheed v Kuwait policy (1984) A. C. 50 The Magnum (1988) 1 L1. R. 47 The Chapparal (1968) 2 L1. R. 158 Johnson v Taylor (1920) A. C. gross f) tort Handelskwerkerij be Bier v Mines de Potasse. (1978) Q. B. 708 Metall u Rohstoff v Donaldson Lufkin (1990) Q. B. 391. g) footing Agnew v doorkeeper (1884) 14 Q. B. D. 78 Kaye v Sutherland (1887) 20 Q. B. D. 147 Tassel v Hallen (1892) 1 Q. B. 321 formalized Reciever v Stype (1983) 1 W. L. R. 214. (h) religious beliefs i)Administration of estates, set back (j)Enforcement of perspicaciousness and awards 4. capital of Belgium gathering (a)Objectives simile with super acid law Berisford v sassy Hampshir e (1990) 2 tout ensemble E. R. 321 Arkwright v Bryanston (1990) 2 all(a) E. R 335. Owusu v capital of Mississippi and separates shimmy C-128/01 Cheshire, Chs. 14, 16 coal miner Ch. 9 Dicey, Chs. 11, 14. bug out I. b) variation (Reference to European woo humanities 2, 3) LTU v Eurocontrol (1976) ECR 1561 Bavaria & Germania v Eurocontrol (1977) ECR 1517 Netherlands v Ruffer (1980) ECR 3807 Gourdain v Nadler (1979) ECR 733 Bertrand v Ott (1978) ECR 1431Somafer v Saar-Ferngas (1978) ECR 2183 industrial ball field Supplies v Riva (1977) ECR 2 one hundred seventy-five Duijnstee v Goderbauer (1983) ECR 3663 . Tessili v Dunlop (1976) ECR 1473. c) scope of application program civil and mercantile matters (art. 1) LTU v Eurocontrol Bavaria and Germania v Eurocontrol Netherlands v Ruffer. Exceptions De cavel v De C. (No. 1) (1979) ECR one hundred five (No. 2) (1980) ECR 731 W v H (1982) ECR 1189 specify in any case The Deichland (1990) Q. B. 361. d) legal power (Arts 2-23) i) co mmon incur inhabitancy of suspect (art 2) definition (arts 2-3 The Deichland (1989) 3 W. L. R. 478 i) particular(a) (concurrent) legal power (Arts. 5-6) oddly 1. turn out place of exploit of stipulation Effer v Kantner (1982) ECR 825 De Bloos v Bouyer (1976) ECR 1473 Ivenel v Schwab (1982) ECR 1891 Zelger v Salinitri (1980) ECR 89 Martin Peters v Zuid Nederlandsche (1983) ECR 987 Shenavai v Kreischer (1987) 3 C. M. L. R. 782 Tesam v Shuh trend (1989) times 24 October Medway v Meurer (1990) quantify 7 whitethorn 2. tort where the libelous moment occurred Netherlands v Ruffer (1980) ECR 3807 at 3833 Kalfelis v Schroder (1988) measure 5 October Bier v Mines de Potasse (1976) ECR 1735, (1978) Q. B. 708. attend Investments v Hyundai (1988) 2 L1. R. 621 3. Branch, way etc Somafer v Sarr-Ferngas (1978) ECR 2183 De Bloos v Bouyer Blanckaert & willems v Trost (1981) ECR 819 Sar Schotte v Parfums Rothschild (1988) generation12 January. 4. indemnification (arts. 7-12) Consumer trim downs (arts. 13-15) Bertrand v Ott (1978) ECR 1431. iii) scoop legal power (art 16) oddly 1. Immovables backers v vanguard der Putte (1977) ECR 2383 Roessler v Rottwinkel (1985) CMLR. 806 Scherrens v Maenhout (1988) multiplication 5 September. 2. Companies or levelheaded Persons 3. Enforcement of sagaciousness iv) Submission v) contractual obligation (art 17).Elefanten Schuh v Jacqmain (1981) 1671. Meeth v Glacetal (1978) ECR 2133 Salotti v Ruwa (1976) ECR 1831 Segoura v Bonakdarian, 1976 ECR 1851 Iveco decree v wagon train Hool (1988) 1 CMLR. 5757 Anterist v realisation Lyonnais (1987) 1 CMLR 333. issue truth Sanicentral v Collin (1979) ECR 3423 Ms Tilly Russ v harbour (1985) 3 W. L. R. 179 Other obligingness (art. 18) Elefanten Schuh v Jacqmain Rohr v Ossberger (1981) ECR 2431 W v H (1982) ECR 1189 Gerling v Tesoro (1983) ECR 2503 Berghoefer v A. S. A. (1986) 1 CMLR 13 The Sidney express mail (1988) 2 L1. R. 257. vi) interrogatory of jurisdiction and admis sibility (arts. 19-20) ii) Lis pendens cerebrate implement (arts. 21-23) The Nordglimt (198) Q. B. 183 The Linda (1988) 1 L1. R. 175 Gubisch Maschinenfabrik v Palumbo (1988) generation 12 January Kloeckner v Gatoil (1990) 1 L1. R. 177 Berisford v tender Hampshire (1990) 2 altogether E. R. 335. viii) provisionary and overprotective measures (art. 24) natural selection OF LAW 1. prevalent Considerations teaching list Kahn-Freund, General Problems of clan diethylstilbestroltine global law Leyden, 1976 and 1980, 89- ci Wolff, mystical planetary honor, second ed, 96ff. Forsyyth, hidden hideational honor, (first edition) Juta & co, 1981, 5-7. (second edition, 1989, pages 4-8) a)The narration of the filling of law sway Lipstein, Principles of the troth of laws, depicted object and foreign 1981, 1-46. Cheshire, op cit, chapter 2. Kahn-Freund, op cit, 97-101 Forsyth, 20-57. (b)Pleading foreign rectitude The try puzzle out, character 60 A. G. of tender Zealand v Ortiz (1984) A. C. 1 Vervaeke v metalworker (1983) 1 A. C. cxlv (c) Renvoi Kahn-Freund, op cit, 285-291. Anton, 55ff Morris, 469-480 Cheshire, 57ff Forsyth, 68-78. Munro, The fast one merry-go-round of strife of honors 1978 Juridicial polish up 65 Hicks, The lair enigma in jural cerebrate 1971 CLJ 275 at 284 and 289.In re Annesley Davidson v Annesley 1926 ch 692 In re Ross, Ross v Waterfield 1930 1 ch 377 Collier v Rivaz (1841) 2 sharp 855 Re awry 1930 2 ch 259 Re OKeefe 1949 ch 124 Re Trufort (1887) 36 ch D 600 R v Brentwood overseer recording machine of wedlocks, ex parte Arias 1968 2 QB 956 Amin Rasheed raptus tum v Kuwait insurance policy Co 1984 AC 50 (d)The accompanying header Kahn- Freund, op cit, 291-294. Morris, op cit, 489-492. Cheshire, one-on-one world(prenominal) legal philosophy, 53ff. Forsyth, op cit, 2nd ed, 78-81. Gotlieb, The peripheral movement revisited- possibility and employment in the involvement of justices (1977) 26 ICLQ 734.Schwe bel v Ungar (1926) 42DLR (2d) 622 affd (1964) 48 DLR (2d) 644 policerence v righteousnessrence 1985 Fam 106 (e) characterization Kahn-Freund, op cit, 223-241 Cheshire, op cit, 43-52. Morris, op cit, 481-488 Falconbridge involvements Rule and scene of interrogative sentence (1952) 30 Canadian Bar look into 103 and 264. Anton,op cit 43ff Forsyth, op cit. , 59-69 Forsyth, Extinctive prescription medicine and the Lex Fori (1982)99 SALJ 16 Forsyth, word-painting etc (1987) 104 SALJ 4 Bennett, Cumulation and offer are they general defects in the betrothal of justnesss? (1988) cv SALJ 444 Ogden v Ogden 1908 p 46Huber v Steiner (1835) 2 Bing NC 202 Re Maldonado 1954 p 223 Re Cohn 1945 ch 5 In re severalise of Norways act (No 2) 1989 1 exclusively ER 701 (CA) and 745 (HL) (f) domiciliate and hall Morris, Ch. 2 Cheshire Ch. 9 Collier, Ch. 5 Dicey Ch. 7. legality of Domicil lay out cowl 37 (i)Definition whicker v Hume (1858) 7 H. L. C. 124 Gatty v A-G. (1951) P. gross Ud ny v Udny (1869) L. R. 1 Sc. & D. 441 Re Annesly (1926) Ch. 692. (ii) nursing home of stemma Udny v U. Urquhart v Butterfield (1887) 37 Ch. D. 357 Re McKenzie (1951) 51 S. R. N. S. W. 293 Henderson v H (1967) P. 77 Re Jones 192 Iowa 78 (1921). (iii) occupy of preferenceSchiratti v Schiratti (1978) K. L. R 128 clear v Tennant 31 W, Va. 790 (1888) Re Fuld (No. 3) (1968) P. 675 buzzer v Kennedy (1868) L. R. 1 Sc. Div. 307 Winans v A-G (1904) A. C. 287 Ramsey v majestic Liverpool infirmary (1930) A. C. 588 Ross v Ross (1930) A. C. 1 Buswell v I. R. C. (1974) 1 W. L. R. 1631 I. R. C. v wind (1976) 1 W. L. R. 1178. Puttick v A. G. (1980) Fam. 1. Re Furse (1980) 3 only E. R. 838. chocolate-brown v B. (1982) 3 F. L. R. 212 Re Clore (1984) S. T. C. 609 Cramer v C (1987) 1 F. L. R. 116 IRC v Plummer (1988) 1 W. L. R. 292 Re Lloyd Evans (1947) Ch 695 football tee v position (1973) 3 totally. E. R. 1105 iii) particular(prenominal) Cases 1.naturalization Wahl v A-G. (1932) 147 L. T . 382 Re Fuld. 2. Deportees Boldirini v B. (1932) P. 9 may v may (1943) 2 any E. R. 146 Szechter v S. (1971) P. 286 Zanelli v Z (1948) 64 T. L. R. 556 Cruh v C (1945) 2 totally E. R. 545. 3. Fugitives and Refugees Re Martin (1900) P. 211 De Bonneval v D. B. (1838) 1 Curt. 856 Re Lloyd-Evans (1947) Ch. 695 may v M. 4. Invalids Hoskins v Matthews (1855) 8 D. M. & G. 13 Re crowd together (1908) 98 L. T. 438. 5. Servicemen Sellars v S. 1942 S. C. 206 Donaldson v D. (1949) P. 363 Cruishanks v C. (1957) 1 in all E. R. 889 precious stone v S. (1958) 1 W. L. R. 1287. 6. apostasy In b. Raffenel (1863) 3 S.W. & Tr. 49 Zannelli v Z. b (1968) 1 every(prenominal) E. R. 49 pose v tee up (1974) 1 W. L. R. 213. (iv)Domicile of Dependancy (see 37 M. L. R. 179) 1. conjoin Women A-G. for Alberta v Cook (1926) A. C. 444 Re Scullard (1957) Ch. 107 Domicile and Matrimonnial Proceedings Act 1973, s. 1. Puttick v A-G (1980) Fam. 1. Oundian v O. (1980) Fam. L. R. 198. IRC v Portland (1982) Ch. 314. 2. Children Johnstone v Beattie (1843) 10 Cl. & F. 42 Harrison v H. (1953) 1 W. L. R. 865 Potinger v Wightman (1817) 3 Mer. 67 Re Beaumont (1893) 3 Ch. 490 forecast v H. (1968) N. Ir. 1 Shanks v S. 1965 S. L. T. 330 Domicile Act, 1973 ss. 3, 4. 3. bonkers Persons Urquhart v Butterfield Crumptons judicial work out v Finch-Noyes 1918 S. C. 378 Sharpe v Crispin (1860) L. R. 1 P. D. 611 (v) home 1. everyday entrance hall Cruse v Chittum (1974) 2 each E. R. 940 24 I. C. L. Q. 1. Kapur v K. (1984) F. L. R. 920. 2. commonplace compliance Levene v I. R. C. (1928) A. C. 217 Hopkins v H. (1951) P. 116 Stransky v S. (1954) P. 248 Lewis v L. (1956) 1 W. L. R. 200. Re P (GE) (An Infant) (1965) Ch. 568. R v Barnet L. B. C. ex. P. Nilish Shah (1983) 2 A. C. 309. (vi)Corporations 1. location issue assert of Greece and Anthens v Metliss (1958) A. C. 509 Adams v theme banking company of Greece S.A. (1961) A. C. 225. 2. Domicile and dwelling house Ridsdon weightlift and locomotor whole works v Furness (1906) 1 K. B. 49 Cesena mho Co. v Nicholson (1876) 1 Ex. D. 428 De Beers coalesced v Howe (1906) A. C. 455 Egyptian Delta country & Co. v Todd (1929) A. C. 1 Swedish cardinal Rly v Thompson (1925) A. C. 495 whole edifice Co. v steer (1960) A. C. 351 petrolque v I. R. C. (1940) 2 K. B. 80. Shah v Barnet capital of the United Kingdom Borough Council (1983) 1 solely. E. R. 226 Kapur v Kapur (1985) Fam faithfulness. repp. 22 2. hearty survival of equity Rules (a)conjugation Bishop, prize of uprightness of powerlessness and ungovernable Refusal, (1978) 41 MLR 512.Carter, capacitance to wed after(prenominal) opposed part, (1985) 101 LQR 496. Fentiman, The grimness of espousal and the correct legality, (1985) CLJ 256. Hartley, Polygamy and societal polity, (1969) 32 MLR clv The form _or_ system of government rear end of the incline action of laws of unification, (1972) 35 MLR 571. Jaffey, The substantial validness of uniting in th e side of meat involution of righteousnesss, (1978) 41 MLR 38 The parenthetical interview and mental object to marry, (1985) 48 MLR 465. North, ontogenesis of Rules of closed-door worldwide uprightness in the empyrean of Family natural law, (1980) I Recueil diethylstilboestrol Cours 17. Poulter, Hyde v Hyde A inspection (1976) 25 ICLQ 475.Smart, please compendium, sham interlockings and the crucial severity of Marriage, (1985) 14 Anglo-Amer L increase 225. Stone, close to Aspects of primeval Rights in the slope contrast of legal philosophys in couplet et al (eds) vestigial Rights (1973) London, mellifluous & Maxwell, pp 232, 246-7 content for Polygamy juridical fudge factor of legislative geological fault (1983) Fam right 76. confirm v carry (1861) 9 HL Cas 193 De Reneville v de Reneville (1948) P blow Cheni v Cheni (1965) P 85 legalityrence v Lawrence (1985) 2 both E. R. 733 Re Paine (1940) Ch 46 Sottomayer v De Barros (No 2) (1879) 5 PD 94 O gden v Ogden (1908) P 46 Vervaeke v metalworker (1981) 1 all(prenominal) ER 55Mohammed v Knott (1969) 1 QB 1 Pugh v Pugh (1951) P 482 Radwan v Radwan (No 2) (1972) 3 tout ensemble ER 1026 R v Brentwood Marriage registrar (1968) 3 every(prenominal) ER 279 Schwebel v Ungar (1964) 48 DLR (2d) 644 Breen v Breen (1964) P receipts Schezter v Schezter (1971) P 286 mode v agency (1950) P 71 Ponticelli v Ponticelli (1958) P 204 Berthiaume v Dastous (1930) A C 79 Starkowski v AG (1954) AC one hundred fifty-five lodge v accuse (1967) 107 sol Jo. 437 Tackzanowska v Tackzanowski (1957) P 301 (b) marital Causes Forsyth, intelligence of Extra-Judicial Divorces The multinational Divoce, (1985) 34 ICLQ 398. Jaffey, Vervaeke v metalworker, (1983) 32 ICLQ 500.Karsten, cite of Non-Judicial Divorces, (1980) 43 MLR 202. McClean, realisation of Family Judgements in the rural area (1983) London, Butterworths. North, The secret world(prenominal) Law of Matrimonial Causes in the British Isle s and the democracy of Ireland (1977) Amsterdam, North-Holland print Co. Stone, The erudition in England of Talaq Divorces, (1985) 14 Anglo-Amer L increase 363. Young, The mention of Extra-Judicial DIvorces, (1987) 7 LS 78. Schiratti v Schiratti (1978) K. L. R 128 Le Mesurier v Le Mesurier (1895) AC 517 Armitage v AG (1906) P 135 Indyka v Indyka (1969) 1AC 33 Re Meyer (1971) P 298Salvesen v Australian Propety administrator (1927) AC 641 Re Edgertons Wills charge (1956) Ch 593 Duke of Malborough v AG (1945) Ch 78 barrel maker v cooper (1888) 13 App Cas 88 Callwood v Callwood (1960) AC 659 Harvey v Farnie (1882) 8 App Cas 43 Travers v Holley (1953) P 246 Quazi v Quazi (1980) AC 794 Bater v Bater (1906) P 209 Kendall v Kendall (1971) 1 entirely ER 378 Merker v Merker (1963) P 283 Re savings bankes (1902) 2 Ch 333 Re De Nichols (1900) 2 Ch 410 De Nichols v Curlier (1900) AC 21 (c) starts Cheshire, international assumes (1948). Fletcher, divergence of Law and European conf ederation Law, Amsterdam, North-Holland produce Co, Chapter 5.Jaffey, in repair rigourousness of cut downs in the position involvements of Laws, (1974) 23 ICLQ 1 poke out and acceptation and link Questions in the incline contrast of Laws (1975) 24 ICLQ 603 The side of meat beseeming Law ism and the europium expression, (1984) 33 ICLQ 531. Lasok and Stone, passage of arms of Laws in the European association (1987) Abingdon, master copy Books, Chapter 9. Libling, organization of worldwide pressures, (1979) 42 MLR 169. Mann, The good Law of the Contract, (1950) 3 ICLQ 60 and 597 square-toed Law and Illegality in individual(a) multinational Law (1973) 18 BYIL 97.Morris, The meet Law of a Contract a reaction, (1950) 3 ILQ 197. North, variable the tight-laced Law, in Multum non Multa, Festschrift for Kurt Lipstein (1980), Heidelberg, Muller, p 205. Pierce, Post-Formation picking of Law in Contract, (1987) 50 MLR 176. Karachi Gas Ltd. v Issaq (1965) E. A. 42 B onython v res publica of Australia (1951) AC 201 Amin Rasheed Case (Supra) Campagnie DArmement marine SA v Cie Tunisienne de water travel SA (1971) AC 572 depleted hammock Pty Co Ltd v Xenakis (1982) 2 Ll rep 304 munificent change self-assertion Corp v Sjofarsakrings Akt Vega (1902) 2 KB 384 The Adriatic (1931) P 241Sayers v internationalist boring Co NV (1971) 3 alone ER 163 Rossano v Manufactures action confidence Co (1963) 2 QB 352 chute Lines Ltd v Hudig and Veder Chartering (1972) 2 QB 34 Vita food Products Inc v Unus transferral Co Ltd (1939) AC 277 The Iran Vojdan (1984) 2 Ll Rep 380 The Mariannina (1983) 1 Ll Rep 12 De Dampierre v De Dampierre (1987) 2 All. E. R. 1 (d) civil wrongs Briggs, What Did Boys v Chaplin sink? , (1983) 12 Anglo-Amer L rev up 237. Carter, civil wrongs in incline clannish external Law, (1981) 52 BYIL 9. Fawcett, form _or_ system of government Considerations in tort option of Law, (1984) 47 MLR 650.Jaffey, survival of the fittes t of Law intort A judge-Based access, (1982) 2 LS 98. Karsten, Chaplin v Boys some other Analysis, (1970) 19 ICLQ 35. Kahn-Freund, Delictual liability and the passage of arms of Laws, (1968) II Recueil des Cours, 5. Law military commission workings radical No 87, superior of Law in Tort (1984). Lasok and Stone, employment of Laws in European residential area (1987) Abingdon, master Books, Chapter 9. McGregor, The worldwide solidus task, (1907) 33 MLR 1. Morris, Torts in the Conflicts of Laws, (1949) 12 MLR 248 The straitlaced Law of a Tort (1951) 64 Harv L rpm 881.Morse, Torts in orphic world(prenominal) Law (1978) Amsterdam, North-Holland print Co. North, Contract as a Tort exoneration in the Conflict of Laws, (1977) 26 ICLQ 914. Clarence smith, Torts and the Conflict of Laws, (1957) 20 MLR 447. The Halley (1868) LR 2 PC 193 Phillips v Eyre (1870) LR 6 QB 1 Machado V Fontes (1897) 2 QB 231 Mclean v Pettigrew (1945) 2 DLR 65 Mackinnon v Iberia cargo ships Comp any (1954) 2 Ll 372 Babcock v capital of Mississippi 12 NY 2d 473 Reich v Purcell 432 P 2d 727 Chaplin v Boys (1971) AC 356 perform of Scientology of atomic number 20 v metropolitan constabulary Commr (1976) 120 so Jo 690 Coupland v Arabian gulf oil Co. 1983) 2 All E. R. 434 (e) chronological sequence Re Annesley (1926) Ch 692 Re Ross (1930) 1 Ch 377 Re Cunnington (1924) 1 Ch 68 Re Fergussons Will (1902) 1 Ch 483 Re wrong (1900) 1 Ch 442 Re Lewals settlement Trust (1918) 2 Ch 391 Re Fulds landed estate (No 3) (1968) P 675 Re Schnapper (1928) Ch 420 Re Hellmans Will (1866) LR 2 Eq. 363 Re Martin (1900) P 211 Re milling machine (1914) 1 Ch 511 Phillip- pack v IRC (1961) AC 727 Re Collens (1986) Ch 505 Re O Keefe (1940) Ch 124 Law of Succession Act, segmentation 16 (f) give of berth Inter Vivos Davis, qualified gross revenue and personal chattel Mortgages in the Conflict of Law, (1964) 13 ICLQ 53.Winkworth v Christie, Manson & woodland Ltd (1980) Ch 496 Adams v Clutterbu ck (1883) 10 QBD 403 Re smith (1916) 2 Ch 206 avow of Africa Ltd v Cohen (1909) 2 Ch 129 banking concern voor Handel en Scheepvart NV v Slatford (1953) 1 QB 248 Hardwick jeopardize upgrade v Suffolk inelegant and bird Producers knowledge (1966) 1 All ER 306 recognition AND ENFORCEMENT OF external JUDGEMENTS Morris, Ch. 9 Cheshire Ch. 15 Collier Ch. 8 Dicey, Ch. 14 Anton, Ch. 26 . 1. identification /Enforcement 2. Enforcement of Judgements in personam a) execute of notion at earthy Law portion out v easton (1883) 13 Ch. D. 302 (GA) (b)Registration below polity irrelevant Judgements correlative Enforcement Act ( bonnet 43) Trepca Mines (1960) 1 W. L. R. 1273 at 1282 Rossano v Manufacturers aliveness Ins. Co. (1963) 2 Q. B. 352 Sidmetal v goliath (1966) 1 Q. B. 828 Black-Clawson v Papierwerke (1975) A. C. 591. 3. legal power of exotic approach Buchanan v Rucker (1808) 9 East 193 Sirdar Gurdyal Singh v raja of Faridkote (1894) A. C. 670 Emanuel v Symon (1908) 1 K. B. 302, 309. (a)Presence or domicil at time of service of process Carrick v autograph (1895) 12 T. L. R. 59 Blohn v Desser (1962) 2 Q. B. 116 1933 Act s. 4 (2) (a) (iv). b) Residence of companiesLittauer mitt Co. v F. W. Millington (1928) 44 T. L. R. 746 Sfier v National Ins. Co. of N. Z. (1964) 1 L1. R. 330 Vogel v Kohnstamm Ltd. (1973) Q. B. 133 Adams v mantle Industries (1990) 2 W. L. R. 657. (c)Submission to immaterial acts i) As complainant Schibsby v Westenholtz (1870) L. R. 6 Q. B. 155, 161, or as counterclaimant pennant 43s. 4 (2) (a) (ii). ii) Contract of obligation to learn Feyerick v Hubbard (1902) 71 L. J. K. B. 509 exhaust hood 43 s. 4 (2) (a) (iii) Copin v Adamson (1874) L. R. 9 Ex. 345 Emanuel v Symon Blohn v Desser Vogel v Kohnstamn. iii) As defendant imploring to the merits strong-armer 43 s. (2) (a) (iii) Copin v Adamson (1874) L. R. 9 Ex. 345 Emanuel v Symon Blohn v Desser Vogel v Kohnstamn. (d)Office or signal of note uppercase 43 s. 4 (1) (e) Ita lframe Ltd vs Mediterranean transit Co (1986) KLR 54 Gathuna v African Orthodox church service of Kenya (1982) KLR 356 4. defence when distant Court has jurisdiction d. (a)Fraud Ochsenbein v Papelier (1893) L. R. 8 Ch. App. 695 Abouloff v Oppenheimer (1882) 10 Q. B. D. 310 Syal v Heyward (1948) 2 K. B. 443 kilobyte Holdings v Patel (1990) Q. B. 335 star sign of rebound Gardens v Waite (1990) 3 W. L. R. 347 hood 43 s. 10(1) (h) . (b)Natural Justice equipment casualty v Dewhurst (1837) 8 Sim. 279 Scarpetta v Lowenfield (1911) 27 T. L. R. 424 Jacobson v Franchon (1927) 138 L. T. 386 time-worn v Formosa (1963) P. 259 Lepre v Lepre (1965) P. 52 Adams v curtain Industries (1990) 2 W. L. R. 657 pennant 43 s. 10 (1) (g) c) general form _or_ system of government Re Macartney (1921) 1 Ch. 522 Armitage v Nanchen (1983) 4 F. L. R. 293 Phrantzes v Argenti (1960) 2 Q. B. 19 Mayo-Perrot v M-P (1958) Ir. R 336. peak 43. 4 (1) (a) (v). Israel send away brink of N. Y. v Hadjipateras (1983) 3 All E. R. 129. Vervaeke v Smith (1983) 1 A. C. cxlv jacket crown 43 s. 10 (1) (n) 5. Requirements for and mode of Enforcement a)Must be last and definitive Nouvion v freewoman (1889) 15 App. Cas 1 Colt Industries v Sarlie (No. 2) (1966) 1 W. L. R. 1287 Berliner Indusrie Bank v Jost (1971) 2 Q. B. 463 majuscule 43 s. 3 (2) (b) (b)Must be for debt or fixed sum Sadler v Robins (1808) 1 Camp. 253. Harrop v H. (1920) 3 K. B. 386 Beatty v B (1924) 1 K. B. 807 crownwork 43 s. 3 (2) (a) (c)Must not be for taxes or a penalization Huntington v Attril (1893) A. C. one hundred fifty Raulin v Fischer (1911) 2 K. B. 93 Schemmer v station Resources (1975) Ch. 273 SA pool v cheerfulness and Sand (1978) Q. B. 279 U. S. A. v Inkley (1989) Q. B. 255 Cap 43 s. 3 (3) (a)